Every mother knows how important the role of breastfeeding is for her child. However, in the end, the time comes when it is necessary to wean the baby from his mother's breast. At such moments, the question of what to do to stop milk production as such will become relevant for mothers.
Since ancient times, women have tightened their mammary glands for this purpose. This method is quite common in modern conditions, but it is worth noting that with progress in medicine and pharmacology, some more ways to stop lactation have appeared.
If we talk about the first method, then in order to prevent unwanted health problems, it would be better to inform our mothers about the right ways to realize such intentions.
Is it necessary to tighten the breasts so that milk disappears?
It is not recommended to bandage the mammary glands with a sheet to prevent lactation, despite the fact that several decades ago this was the most common method. Medicine insists on the physiological cessation of breastfeeding when the child reaches one year of age and has no need to consume breast milk. The duration of feedings and their number are gradually reduced, due to which the volume of milk produced decreases.
However, there are a number of good reasons why doctors allow ligation of the mammary glands to stop lactation:
- Mother's illnesses. Only the attending physician for medical reasons can recognize the urgent need to stop lactation. As a rule, diagnosed diseases have an extremely negative impact on the quality and chemical composition of milk, which can cause damage to the baby. Such diseases include, for example, infectious (purulent) mastitis and AIDS. It is also worth stopping feeding when a woman takes medications that are incompatible with lactation for a long time. Fortunately, there are a large number of medications that do not require completion of breastfeeding. During treatment, you can temporarily stop lactation, and you will need to express milk.
Tightening does not regulate the amount of hormones in the blood, but only blocks the lobules of the mammary glands, which are filled with milk. Also, dense bandages play the role of a frame that supports breasts filled with milk, reducing pain and making wearing it more comfortable.
Pediatricians strongly recommend feeding your baby until he or she is 12 months or older. This is required for correct and complete physiological and intellectual development and the formation of a strong natural protective barrier - the immune system.
How to bandage the mammary glands to stop lactation
Before proceeding directly to breast tightening, you need to familiarize yourself with the rules and recommendations for the correct and technical completion of breastfeeding.
- You should not stop breastfeeding suddenly. This should be done gradually, reducing the frequency and duration of applications over 2 weeks. It is important to make sure that the baby is not hungry.
- To relieve discomfort on the mammary glands, it is recommended to apply fresh cabbage leaves.
- If, upon termination of lactation, a woman has a fever, redness and induration appear, she should immediately go to the hospital for consultation.
- You can include in your diet drinks made from medicinal herbs that inhibit milk production - mint, sage.
Immediately before pulling, you need to express a small amount of milk, free the ducts so that each mammary gland is soft to the touch. To do this, you need to perform the following steps:
- Take a relaxing warm shower or bath.
- Massage with your hands (movements should be careful and smooth).
- It is recommended to express milk manually rather than using a mechanical or electric breast pump.
- You should not empty your breasts completely, as this will lead to an excessive flow of milk.
You can start tugging only at the moment when the chest is soft.
There are three ways to tighten your chest. They have one thing in common - compression of the milk ducts.
- Compression underwear. Worn for several hours day and night. Worn for 2-4 weeks.
- Elastic bandage. An even tape is wound in circles from the stomach to the armpits. Using a special clamp, one end of the bandage is secured.
- Long cotton fabric. Take a clean rag or sheet. The body is tightly wrapped around the armpits from the lower ribs. The fabric is tied between the shoulder blades on the back.
The third method involves applying special breast pads or sterile gauze pads to the nipples.
When tightening the chest, it is important that the compression is noticeable, but not painful. Do not pull the tissues in such a way that they become bleeding. As a rule, it takes 2 to 4 weeks to completely stop lactation.
Disadvantages of the method and possible consequences
If the rules of tugging are not followed, serious complications can arise. You must first become familiar with the technique, timing of dressings and the rules for preparing the mammary glands. The most serious complications are lactostasis (stagnation of milk in the milk ducts) and mastitis (the appearance and development of inflammation).
If a woman begins to experience discomfort, she must immediately remove the bandage and express the remaining milk, otherwise the condition may worsen sharply. As an alternative to dragging, it is better to wear a comfortable, tight-fitting underwire bra.
There are a large number of effective and safe ways to stop lactation; you should give preference to them. If difficulties arise with the physiological cessation of breastfeeding, you should consult a doctor. He will prescribe special medications that inhibit milk production.
Possible consequences
The most critical consequences of breast tightening have already been mentioned above, however, there are other risks, the likelihood of which is many times greater:
- Tissue damage. If the bandage is too tight, hematomas, injuries, and sometimes even deformation of the breast shape can occur. The absence of pain during the dressing process will reduce the likelihood of such consequences to nothing.
- The so-called stone breast, that is, swollen mammary gland, is the most likely consequence of ligation in women with excess milk production.
- Stagnation of milk in the ducts can cause lactostasis and mastitis.
Lactostasis causes severe pain - A difficult psychological situation in the family, caused by the fact that a woman with constricted breasts becomes nervous and irritable. And this situation can persist until the bandage is removed, that is, for 10–14 days.
Alternative ways to end lactation
The most effective and humane way for the female body to stop breastfeeding is to take hormonal drugs that have a depressing effect on the secretory activity of the pituitary gland, which is responsible for producing milk as a reaction to sucking or pumping. Such means include:
- Dostinex;
- Bromocriptine;
Bromocriptine is a strong and effective drug for stopping lactation - Duphaston.
Another option to end lactation is to reduce it to nothing. In other words, reduce the number of times the baby attaches to the breast, reduce the volume of fluid consumed to 1 liter per day. To consolidate the result, you can drink a course of herbal remedies in the form of teas or herbal infusions:
- mint;
- sage;
- white cinquefoil;
- jasmine
It is believed that diuretics also have the ability to reduce the amount of milk produced. These include horsetail, parsley and lingonberries.
This set of measures should be supplemented with a local effect: applying a compress from a cabbage leaf crushed with a rolling pin to the chest. After the juice is completely absorbed by the skin, the leaf is removed.
Cabbage juice helps relieve inflammation
This is interesting. Any option for stopping lactation must be agreed upon with a gynecologist or breastfeeding specialist, who, after carefully studying the patient’s medical history, will prescribe the most optimal option for ending breastfeeding.
Breast tightening to stop lactation
Sooner or later, every nursing mother has to complete lactation. It’s good if this happens naturally - the amount of milk produced gradually decreases, and as the baby grows older, he starts breastfeeding less and less until he no longer needs it at all. However, in some cases, the mother decides to resort to a measure of forced reduction of lactation - breast tightening. Let's figure out when this method is relevant, what its pros and cons are.
A few words about breast ligation and the work of the mammary glands
Breast tightening as a method of stopping lactation is based on the fact that due to compression of the mammary gland, the volume of milk produced is reduced, gradually disappearing.
In practice, it turns out that if a young mother continues to drink a lot of fluid, eats salty foods, and does not take medications or homeopathic remedies to reduce lactation, the secretory lobules do not stop functioning as usual. And due to compression of the breast, the milk passages are intensely filled, thereby increasing the pressure, which means that unexpressed milk stagnates, which can lead to lactostasis, and then to mastitis.
Sometimes the consequence of over-tightening is mastitis.
In particularly advanced cases, surgical intervention cannot be avoided. In addition, poor circulation can cause the formation of cysts or even malignant tumors. It turns out that, from the point of view of female physiology, breast ligation can be very dangerous to health.
When dragging is allowed
There are only four cases when doctors recommend bandaging:
- The need to reduce the volume of milk produced. Moreover, the bandage is applied for only a couple of hours a day, and not for 2–14 days, as our mothers and grandmothers used to do (!).
- A woman’s body does not tolerate drugs to stop lactation.
- An allergy to homeopathy is also added to the previous point.
It can be difficult for allergy sufferers to choose medications to stop lactation - Doctors have to accept the fact that some women firmly believe in the effectiveness of bandaging.
When and why are breasts tightened?
Breast tightening is considered an undesirable way to stop lactation, which was popular during Soviet times. Modern doctors insist on the physiological cessation of lactation when the child is at least 1 year old and his need for breast milk decreases. In this case, the number and duration of feedings are gradually reduced, and breast milk becomes less and less until the glands stop filling altogether. However, modern breastfeeding specialists may recommend re-drawing in the following cases:
- Mom's illness. Only a doctor can recognize the need to complete breastfeeding for medical reasons, having established a diagnosis that is incompatible with lactation, when breast milk can be dangerous to the health of the baby. These diseases include AIDS and infectious mastitis. It is also necessary to stop lactation if you are taking medications for a long time that are incompatible with breastfeeding. Fortunately, today there are many medications that do not require completion of breastfeeding. It may be worth considering the option of temporarily stopping lactation for the period of treatment, if it is short-lived. Then it is recommended to express milk, and after treatment try to resume breastfeeding.
- The need to quickly complete the GW. Pediatricians strongly recommend breastfeeding your baby until he reaches the age of 1 year and beyond. This is necessary for the qualitative physiological and intellectual development of the child and the formation of strong immunity. If there is a need to end breastfeeding for objective reasons (departure, mother going to work, etc.), it may be worth resorting to breast tightening as an auxiliary way to complete breastfeeding.
From a physiological point of view, breast tightening does not lead to a decrease in milk production. This process is controlled by the brain, and is stimulated by hormonal changes in the body. The hormones prolactin and oxytocin are released in response to the baby's gentle hugs and touching the nipples, especially at night. Accordingly, the presence of a tight bandage cannot affect a woman’s hormonal levels. But the experience of several generations of women who have resorted to this method shows its effectiveness. Due to tugging, the lobules of the glands into which milk flows are blocked, the breasts fill more slowly, which can ultimately lead to suppressed lactation. A tight bandage on the chest also acts as a frame that supports the full breast, providing the woman with additional comfort and reducing pain.
Reviews from moms
I read somewhere that if you finish feeding, you need to drink less... There are special medications. If it hurts.. you need to express a little and that’s it.. there will be less milk next time.. I haven’t heard about dragging for a long time.. My friends and I have problems with feeding.. on the contrary, we fed to the last drop (5g each, etc.) d.). And you need to leave quietly.
Aurora
https://deti.mail.ru/forum/zdorove/zdorove_krasota_diety/peretjagivanie_grudi_by_alenamaischewa_mail_ru_122631/
This weaning process lasts about a month if all feedings are breastfeeding. My first sealed my lips when I was 9 months old and never put it in my mouth again. It was crazy... I almost went under the knife, my temperature was 39, even though I pumped and tightened it. The smart surgeon caught me and made me pump under a hot shower and re-tighten, and drink as little liquid as possible. It's gone. As for subsequent feedings, it depends on the type of breast. My nipples were tight, hard to dissolve, and nothing was leaking. I stopped breastfeeding the second one without constriction; she was 1 year old, and we only fed her tits at night. And with the youngest I had to fight again, I fed her for 1 year 9 months, cleaned her for a month according to plan, feedings, first during the day, then at night. True, it was just a tight bust, but once every 2 days I had to strain it in the shower, 3-4 times. It burned out in two weeks. It’s not such a simple matter, I pulled it over and went. And I’ve heard a lot about pills and read a lot, if you still have a baby according to the plan, it’s better not to.
Elena2608
https://detstvo.ru/forum/krasota-i-zdorove/2411-peretyagivanie-grudi.html
Drag is a thing of the past! Why such torment? Now there are special pills (I don’t know the name, I haven’t looked into it yet), contact your antenatal clinic or look it up on the Internet
Tanya
https://deti.mail.ru/forum/nashi_deti/kormim_grudju/kak_pravilno_peretjagivat_grud/
Hello, my baby is 1.6, yesterday I just took him to his mother, and she tightened the chest and put in a cabbage leaf, it should help, the doctor said that the liquid should be completely eliminated.
https://deti.mail.ru/forum/nashi_deti/kormim_grudju/kak_pravilno_peretjagivat_grud/
I did it when she was 6 months old, because she was constantly flushing and couldn’t get out of the bathroom! I’ve been taking pills for 2 weeks already, so the doctor told me that I couldn’t do without tugging! It’s just easier and faster and without pain. In short, I tightened it for 3 days and that’s it.
Tatiana
https://eka-mama.ru/forum/part16/topic120275/message1596084/?PAGEN_1=3
I heard that tugging is not recommended because it is fraught with subsequent mastopathy. We finished in a year and a half. The first day or two I pumped a little for relief, it went away on its own within a week or two. So go for it, it’s only the first few days that are hard.
Nastya
https://www.babyblog.ru/user/NastyonaKow/3018422
Do you know what childbed fever is, from which women died like flies? This is complicated mastitis from breast constriction:( Now, of course, you won’t die, medicine has come a long way, but there will be enough thrills for the rest of your life:(
Question
https://www.u-mama.ru/forum/family/health/305393/index.html
Possible harm and precautions
Breast constriction can lead to many serious problems if the correct technique, timing of dressing, and breast preparation rules are not followed . The most serious are the development of lactostasis (milk stagnation) and mastitis (inflammation in the mammary gland). If you have problems stopping lactation, you should seek help from a specialist. Perhaps the doctor will prescribe medications that suppress lactation. Do not rush to resort to the dressing method, try to reduce lactation naturally first, and instead of pulling, wear a tight-fitting but comfortable underwire bra.
You shouldn’t expect that the milk will “burn out” on its own; you just need to tighten your breasts and wear the bandage for as long as possible. Such actions are dangerous and can lead to serious complications, inflammatory processes in the mammary gland, and mastitis. Remove the bandage if you feel discomfort or pain in the chest, and express the amount of milk necessary to relieve the condition. This will avoid stagnation and possible inflammation in the ducts. Do not overtighten your breasts if there are lumps in them or if you experience pain when pressing.
Recommendations for correct completion of breastfeeding
Take note of these important tips:
- do not stop lactation suddenly - gradually (over 1-2 weeks) reduce the frequency and time the baby stays at the breast, make sure that he eats other types of food and is full;
- if areas of compaction appear in the chest, redness, or an increase in body temperature above normal, immediately go to the hospital;
- do not apply warm compresses or heat the bandaged breast;
- reduce the amount of fluid consumed;
- go in for sports, active physical activity will increase sweating and reduce the amount of milk produced;
- include in your diet decoctions of herbs that suppress lactation - sage, mint;
- Apply fresh cabbage leaves to your chest to eliminate discomfort.
According to the famous doctor Evgeniy Komarovsky, resorting to breast constriction is undesirable. To stop lactation, he recommends limiting fluid intake, eliminating foods and drinks that stimulate lactation, reducing breastfeeding, not expressing milk unnecessarily, and actively engaging in sports. If you still decide to tighten your breasts, this should be done not only during the day, but also at night.
General information
Not all women know how to properly transfer breast milk. It is not always possible to consult your family doctor on this issue. The fact is that most medical professionals consider the procedure for artificially interrupting lactation to be an unreasonable and unsafe action. Therefore, when asking whether it is possible to tighten the breasts, provided that there are no pathologies predisposing to such a decision, a woman receives a negative answer.
In such situations, doctors recommend waiting until the milk disappears on its own. In addition, according to some experts, breast tightening will not solve the problem with lactation for physiological reasons. Despite these claims, this method of stopping breast milk production is worthwhile.
Before ligating the glands, a woman should understand the risk she is taking. If you violate the technique, the consequence may be stagnation of milk, which will lead to an inflammatory process and other negative results.
Not all women know how to properly transfer breast milk.
The main purpose of ligation is to block the ducts. With their help, the process of movement of mother's milk through the gland is carried out. After applying the appropriate bandage, the woman will notice changes within a few hours. The breasts will fill less as the intensity of the inflows decreases.
But this method has its significant drawbacks. To get the desired effect, it is necessary to tightly fix the breasts, and this will create additional discomfort. The woman will experience painful, pressing sensations, and her movements will be constrained and limited.
Preparing for drag
Before breast transfer, you need to express a little milk, free the ducts so that the breast is soft. To do this, follow the recommendations:
- take a relaxing bath or shower (the water should not be hot, this stimulates lactation) to make pumping easier;
- massage your breasts with your hands - this will allow you to develop glandular lobules for pumping;
- tighten your breasts after feeding or pumping - the glands should be soft;
- do not “empty” your breasts completely, this promotes the flow of even more milk;
- express using your hands rather than a breast pump to better control the process and evenly release the distant and near ducts.
Drag technique
Breast tightening to stop lactation involves tightly tying the chest over the entire surface - from the height of the armpits to the lower border of the ribs. This is the only correct way. The following can be used as a dressing material:
- wide towel;
- sheet;
- piece of fabric;
- compression bandage;
- elastic bandage.
The material must be clean, made of breathable cotton fabric. To fix the bandage, you will need the help of another person; it is almost impossible to tighten the bandage and tie it on your own.
When planning to tighten your breasts, do the following:
- Place the central part of the cloth on the chest, fixing the mammary glands in a comfortable position.
- Depending on the length of the fabric, wrap the breasts in 1 or 2 layers and tighten them tightly enough to fix the mammary glands without causing pain.
- Tie the ends or secure with special fasteners if you are using an elastic bandage or bandage.
The duration of continuous wearing of the bandage is determined individually, usually this period is about 3 hours during the day. If unpleasant sensations appear, the fabric is removed and the milk is expressed until the condition eases, when the breasts “rest”, they are tightened again. Considering that hormones that stimulate lactation are actively released at night, it is recommended to apply a compression bandage throughout the night (if there is no pain).
How long to walk with a bandaged chest
Reupholstering is a rather lengthy process. However, its timing depends on the individual characteristics of the woman’s body:
- volumes of milk produced;
- pain threshold (due to the sensation of bursting breasts and high temperature, many mothers simply remove the bandage without waiting for the result).
On average, the bandage is worn for 8–10 hours a day with breaks for pumping, when the breasts burst unbearably. This schedule should be followed from 1–2 days to 2 weeks. A signal that the result has been achieved will be the feeling that milk is not coming in with the same intensity, as well as the cessation of pain.
Breast ligation as a way to end lactation
Completion of lactation is the same physiological process as breastfeeding. But the body is a complex system in which everything is interconnected. The decrease in milk production occurs gradually, and not at the request of the woman. Experts insist that the best way to stop breastfeeding is to act slowly, giving your organs time to rebuild.
Many women think that during ligation of the mammary glands, milk stops flowing into the ducts and immediately disappears. It's not like that at all. A tight bandage blocks the channels responsible for the flow of nutrient fluid. It is still produced, but the breasts do not fill as quickly, which leads to a decrease in lactation.
Despite the fact that modern medicine denies the effectiveness of breast tightening during the period of cessation of breastfeeding, many young mothers use this particular method and achieve success. They began to use this method a very long time ago, and in the Soviet Union it gained the greatest popularity. Even gynecologists and pediatricians advised applying a tight bandage to the mammary glands to quickly burn out the nutrient fluid.
Women believe that bandaging the breasts is much safer than taking pills, not as troublesome as preparing decoctions and infusions, and faster than gradually reducing the number of feedings and waiting for the milk to go away on its own.
Elastic bandage or diaper: what to choose
For dragging you can use:
- elastic bandage. It is sold in pharmacies and comes in several types, which differ in width and length. For ease of use, some products have a fastener or Velcro to securely fix the edges after applying the bandage;
A woman independently chooses the width of the bandage depending on her breast size.
- diaper. Cotton fabric is perfect, preferably without the addition of synthetic threads, plain. The size is also selected individually and depends on the woman’s breast volume.
The elastic bandage can have a fastener, which is very convenient for fixing the bandage.
Some young mothers prefer to use a regular medical bandage, but due to the characteristics of the material and the loose weaving of the threads, it will not be possible to tighten the breasts well with its help.
When choosing an elastic bandage or diaper, it is necessary to take into account that the bandage should cover not only the entire surface of the chest, but also the ribs and collarbones.
Technique of pulling the mammary glands
Experts recommend starting to reduce feedings approximately seven to ten days before tugging, leaving one feeding at night or during the day. The less milk is produced in the mammary glands, the less likely it is that fluid stagnation will occur.
A gradual reduction in the number of feedings will lead to a natural decrease in the formation of nutrient fluid. A tight bandage will help reduce the flow of milk into the ducts.
Before you start dressing, you need to express completely. This can be done with your hands or using a breast pump. Then the entire surface of the mammary glands is palpated to make sure there are no lumps or fluid stagnation in the breast. A woman should know: if she begins to experience lactostasis, it is strictly forbidden to overtighten. This can lead to complications such as mastitis.
- Take an elastic bandage or a thick diaper.
- Apply the fabric to the mammary glands, taking into account that the bandage starts from the armpits and ends in the area of the lower ribs.
- Pull the fabric tightly and, if necessary, wrap it several times around the body.
- Tie the edges of the bandage at the back. If you are using a bandage with a clasp, secure it in any place convenient for you.
In most cases, you won’t be able to apply the bandage yourself, so it’s better to ask your husband or other relatives for help.
It is best to tighten your breasts with an elastic bandage
It is worth noting that the bandage should not cause discomfort to the woman. Many mothers, trying to stop milk production as quickly as possible, tighten the fabric very tightly. This is the wrong approach. When the breast tightening technique is performed correctly, there is no pain in the mammary glands or nipple area.
The bandage on the chest should be tight, but not painful
How long should breasts be constricted?
Many women are sure that they need to wear the bandage constantly for several days. This is the main misconception. Before you decide to use a dressing to complete lactation, be sure to remember the simple rules:
Most young mothers note that after a week the milk practically does not come.
Medicines and folk remedies to stop lactation
To stop pulling breast milk as quickly as possible, you need to use popular advice on the 1st day of dressing.
Today, there are a large number of medications that reduce lactation. But due to substances that affect the brain and endocrine system, taking them without medical supervision is strictly prohibited. Let's look at some:
Is it necessary to tighten the breasts after termination of pregnancy?
Preparation of the mammary glands for feeding the baby begins immediately after conception. Already from the fourth month of gestation, many expectant mothers notice that a thick yellowish liquid is secreted from the nipples - this is colostrum. Such cases are quite common and are a variant of the norm, because soon the woman will breastfeed the baby. But situations are different: some need to terminate a pregnancy for medical reasons, premature births and miscarriages occur.
The longer the period, the more likely it is that after the fetus and placenta are removed from the uterus, the woman will begin to produce milk. In this case, lactation must be stopped. Doctors do not always recommend taking special pills right away, because they have a large list of contraindications and often cause many side effects. First of all, experts recommend folk remedies: brewing medicinal herbs or tightening your breasts. The procedure for applying a tight bandage is the same as during the natural completion of breastfeeding. If the milk flow is strong, you can express some liquid to alleviate the general condition.
It is imperative to examine the mammary glands for the formation of lumps and stagnation of milk. Lactostasis detected in time is easier to treat than advanced mastitis.
If after termination of pregnancy the fluid does not arrive, then there is no need to tighten the breasts. However, consultation with a doctor is mandatory: the doctor will conduct an examination and give valuable advice on how to restore the body after the loss of a baby.
Infusions and decoctions of medicinal herbs are recommended to be used in combination with breast tightening to complete breastfeeding
Video: review of ways to curtail lactation
Negative aspects of breast constriction
The breast tightening method is considered one of the safest and most effective among women. However, doctors insist that applying a tight bandage to the mammary glands in ninety percent of cases leads to negative consequences:
- soft tissue injury;
- formation of milk stagnation. Even if the breast is overtightened, fluid still forms inside. Not being able to move freely along the channels, it gathers in certain places. This causes excessive swelling of the mammary glands, they seem “stony”, too hard. The woman experiences severe pain. If you do not allow the milk to come out, the seals turn into lactostasis;
- purulent mastitis. A slight stagnation of milk, if detected in a timely manner, responds well to treatment: it is easy enough to knead it to free the duct. But while wearing a tight bandage for several days, lactostasis can lead to infectious mastitis. And if you do not start urgently using antibiotics, the woman will need surgery to remove the source of inflammation.
At the first signs of lactostasis or mastitis, a consultation with a doctor is required.
Do not neglect a visit to the doctor in case of lactostasis. Only a specialist can make the correct diagnosis, perform an ultrasound if necessary and prescribe an effective treatment regimen. Self-medication and delays in going to the doctor often lead to serious complications for a woman’s health.
Video: the dangers of breast pulling
Consequences of pulling breast milk?
Even if you tighten your breasts in full compliance with the above recommendations, there is still a risk of developing complications, since the tightening procedure, whatever one may say, is traumatic for the glands.
Soft tissues can be damaged and compressed when compressed. In addition, there is a moment of circulatory disturbance in the chest. All these factors together can lead to the development of a disease such as mastitis.
Tightening can cause lactostasis, in other words – milk stagnation in the glands. In some cases, this disease may entail the need for surgical intervention, and therefore prevention will become your reliable support in this matter.
The baby constantly cries and does not sleep. You can find out what to do in our article. How to bathe a newborn baby, read here.
How to massage a child, read the link
We stop the tugging procedure and consult a doctor without fail if you experience:
- pain (sharp) in the chest;
- increased body temperature;
- purulent or even bloody discharge from the nipples;
- formation of lumps in the breast;
- edema;
- redness.