Tetanus vaccination when given after injury in children

A little theory

The main causative agent of this infectious pathology is tetanus bacillus or a gram-positive flagellated bacterium, which is capable of growing, developing and multiplying in oxygen-free conditions.
In fact, the bacterium itself does not pose any danger to the human body, but the exotoxin it produces can be very unsafe and lead to death. Once in the body, this substance enters the medulla oblongata and spinal cord through the motor fibers of the peripheral nerves. When this stick is active, a person may notice severe cramps in the arms and legs, and difficulty breathing.

The composition contains horse blood immunoglobulins, which are pre-vaccinated with tetanus toxin and toxoid. During the manufacturing process, this whey goes through many stages of purification, and in the end it is intensively concentrated using salt fractionation. Visually, it does not look like blood at all, since the serum has a clear or slightly yellowish tint, without any sediment, and is available in the form of a liquid for injection in clear glass ampoules.

Tetanus vaccine: composition and names

Tetanus vaccination for schoolchildren and young children can be combined. In this case, the vaccine protects against several infections at once. Most often, combination vaccinations are used during routine immunization. When vaccinating for epidemic indications, a monovaccine is usually used.

Types of domestic vaccinations.

1. DPT . Protects against tetanus, whooping cough and diphtheria.
2. ADS and ADS-M . Provides protection against diphtheria and contains tetanus toxoid.
3. AC . Used in emergency cases, as well as in cases of intolerance to additional components of the DTP vaccine.
4. Bubo - M. _ Forms immunity against tetanus, hepatitis and diphtheria.

Government clinics sometimes provide foreign vaccines. You can also purchase them yourself:

• Infanrix and Tritranix - produced in Belgium;
• D.T. Vaks, D.T. Kok, Tetrakok, Imovax - produced in France;
• Triaceluvax - made in Germany.

How is the vaccination done?

Tetanus vaccination is given at regular intervals. They are done more often in children than in adults. The fact is that immunity in children develops over a long period of time, so the risk of infection with various diseases increases significantly.

To ensure that the baby can easily endure this procedure, the doctor must conduct an examination. If signs of colds and other pathologies are observed, then medical advice is given. If there are no health abnormalities, parents receive recommendations for caring for their child after vaccination and are sent to the vaccination office.

Vaccination rules and vaccination schedule

The first tetanus vaccine is prescribed to a child at 3 months. Then it is repeated twice (after 45 days), namely at 4, 5 and 6 months. Usually, the DPT vaccine is used so as not to give the baby several injections separately (see also: how are the second and third DTP tolerated?).

READ ALSO: What are the side effects of DTP vaccination in infants?

This frequency is necessary for the proper formation of immunity to infection. It should be understood that no vaccination will protect a child from possible infection 100%, but it will help to survive the disease in a mild form and without complications.

READ ALSO: What can be the complications after vaccination with measles, rubella, mumps?

Revaccination is carried out three times:

• 1.5 years;
• 6–7 years;
• 14–15 years old.

Revaccination is mandatory before entering school, then in adolescence and at 18 years of age, after which it is repeated every 10 years. There are also a number of emergency cases when a tetanus vaccination is given as soon as possible:

• animal bites;
• open wounds due to injuries and frostbite;
• gangrene, ulcers that do not go away for a long time;
• before performing surgical operations (if there is no information about the availability of tetanus vaccinations).

To exclude the development of side effects after vaccination, parents are advised to start giving their child antihistamines in advance (2-3 days). A runny nose, cough and other signs of illness are a reason to postpone the vaccination until complete recovery.

Where is the vaccine given?

The tetanus shot is always given into a muscle, in places where there is no large amount of subcutaneous fatty tissue and the skin is quite thin.

For a child under 3 years of age, toxoid is injected into the lateral thigh, for adolescents and adults - into the shoulder or subscapular region.

Before the procedure, you should check the ampoule - it should have the appropriate markings. The presence of sediment and flakes at the bottom is not allowed.

How to behave after vaccination and is it possible to wet the injection site?

After vaccination, a person can lead a normal life, but babies sometimes experience undesirable effects. To prevent this, you must adhere to certain recommendations.

When your baby is given the injection, make sure that the body reacts normally to the toxoid. It is better to stay in the clinic for an hour - if allergies or other complications arise, doctors will promptly help you.

Is it possible to get a tetanus shot wet? The answer is yes. The child is allowed to wash; the injection site can be wetted, but not rubbed with a sponge or hand. It is also prohibited to swim in open water, as there is a risk of contracting an infection.

You cannot visit the bathhouse/sauna; you should refrain from walking in the fresh air and in places with large crowds of people for 2-3 days. Active physical activity is also undesirable.

Doctors advise immediately upon returning home to give the baby an antipyretic and continue taking antihistamines. All medications are prescribed for preventive purposes; medications should be dosed according to age. It is also recommended to drink plenty of fluids for 1-2 days.

How long does it last?

The tetanus vaccine does not have a permanent effect, so it must be repeated periodically to be effective. It is better to consult a doctor for how long its effect lasts. He will look at the timing of the toxoid administration and tell you the expected date of the next vaccination. The vaccine is given to adults for 10 years, but it is less effective in children.

READ IN DETAIL: What vaccination is given once every 10 years?

Normal reaction to a vaccine

Mothers often wonder whether it is possible to wet a tetanus shot. Experts say that it is worth protecting the vaccine injection site from water for at least 2 days to avoid the risk of skin irritation. The body most often reacts normally to this vaccination, although minor reactions may occur that do not require additional action or medication, namely:

• local inflammation: redness, swelling of the skin, slight compaction at the injection site;
• slight pain at the injection site;
• increase in body temperature within 37.5 C;
• general weakness, fatigue, lethargy.

These symptoms indicate that the immune system is reacting to the irritant and disappear after a few days.

Emergency vaccination scheme

There are situations when urgent, unscheduled administration of a vaccine is necessary. Before the injection, the person being vaccinated must sanitize the wound.

Emergency indications include:

• injuries;
• frostbite;
• burns 2-4 degrees;
• preoperative period, if there is no data on previous tetanus vaccinations;
• animal bites;
• long-term non-healing wounds (cuts) or ulcers;
• out-of-hospital births, abortions.

In these cases, the immunization schedule depends on whether the patient has been vaccinated previously. If the procedure has already been carried out, immunoglobulin (human) is used, since it carries a minimum of post-injection complications. Antitetanus serum can also be used.

If a person has not been vaccinated before, he is injected intramuscularly with toxoid (in one part of the body), and then (after half an hour) in another place with anti-tetanus serum.

The effectiveness of emergency vaccination lies in its urgency. It should take place as soon as possible - no later than 20 days from the moment of injury.

Vaccination of adults

Until the end of school age, children receive a full course of tetanus vaccinations. The tetanus vaccine is given to adults every 10 to 11 years. Thus, the first vaccination in an adult occurs at the age of 26–27 years.

Adults do not need to receive a combination vaccine that includes active antigens against whooping cough and diphtheria. By this time, they have already formed a strong immunity to these diseases.

Adults are immunized routinely or urgently using two main methods of administering the drug:

• intramuscularly into the anterior outer part of the thigh;
• deep under the skin in the area under the shoulder blade.

A one or two-component vaccine is used. The ADS-M vaccine contains toxoids against diphtheria and tetanus. Most often, a low-dose isolated vaccine is used.

Pathogen, mode of transmission and clinical manifestations of tetanus

The “indestructibility” of tetanus is explained by the special properties of its bacteria. The pathogen is normally present in the intestines of a sick person or animal, and then, along with excrement, ends up in water and soil. This increases the risk of infection when scraped or bruised skin comes into contact with the ground. A gram-positive rod, when exposed to unusual, extreme conditions for it, is transformed into spores that perfectly adapt to sub-zero temperatures and retain their properties even after many hours of boiling. Sticks can live in soil without losing their viability for 100 years.

Tetanus is transmitted by contact, for example, when soil gets into the wound. A splinter may penetrate your leg, or it may be injured by something sharp. The reasons may be frostbite of the extremities with a violation of the integrity of the skin. The disease can develop during illegal abortions, or when childbirth occurs without observing sanitation standards.

Infection occurs when dirt or dirty water comes into contact with injured skin or mucous membranes. Conditions in a deep wound promote the transformation of infected spores into active bacteria. Risk groups for tetanus include:

• young children (under 9 years old) who are often injured;
• newborn babies (violation of asepsis when cutting off the umbilical cord);
• representatives of professions associated with excavation work and increased injury rates: builders, loaders, diggers, railway workers;
• athletes;
• military.

You can become infected with tetanus very easily if there are cuts, wounds, or abrasions on your body. If dirt gets into the wound, after 1-2 weeks (sometimes the incubation period of the disease lasts up to 1 month), characteristic symptoms may appear, on the basis of which doctors make a diagnosis.

1. The wound, even when healed, aches when it shouldn’t hurt anymore.
2. Trismus – the patient has noticeable contraction of the facial muscles. It's hard to open your mouth.
3. A “sardonic smile” occurs due to the distortion of facial features.
4. Dysphagia develops, and it hurts the person to swallow.
5. Tension of the muscles of the back of the head appears - rigidity.
6. Headache, sweating, irritability.

These symptoms of tetanus do not always appear. There are often cases when the wound has completely healed, but symptoms still appear (muscle tension at the site of the wound).

In the presence of such clinical manifestations, doctors conclude that the patient has a tetanus infection; the described specific signs do not require confirmation by tests. There are several options for localizing the infectious process.

1. Local tetanus. One or more muscle groups in the area of ​​skin trauma are paralyzed. Characteristic of those who have been vaccinated against tetanus.
2. Generalized tetanus. All muscle groups are susceptible to cramps. In such patients, the severity of the disease is divided into degrees:

• light;
• moderate severity;
• heavy;
• extremely difficult.

According to the type of entrance gate, the forms of the disease are:

• traumatic – after injuries, wounds, frostbite;
• inflammatory-necrotic – occurs in the presence of bedsores and where there is a disintegrating tumor;
• cryptogenic - forms at a healed wound site (a person may not even remember this), the gates of infection are not identified, the incubation period is extended to several months.

What is a tetanus vaccine and why is it needed?

Tetanus leads to spasms of the muscular system. The infectious agent itself and the toxins it produces are dangerous. It is toxins that are so difficult to treat. You can become infected from humans, animals and through soil.

Tetanus vaccination is given for the following reasons:

• Every year a large number of people die from this disease.
• The causative agent of the disease constantly lives in the body of herbivores, and sometimes in the human body, and under favorable conditions it begins to have a destructive effect.
• It is transmitted through household contact, through any wounds and abrasions on the body.
• The toxin released by bacteria is one of the first places in terms of danger to human life.
• You can get infected from anyone and anything: from a splinter, dirt that gets into a wound, from an animal bite, from the saliva of a sick person.

Already from childhood, vaccination against tetanus begins and a complex vaccination is used, which is called DPT. Older children and adults are vaccinated with ADS and AC.

Prevention of tetanus

Prevention of tetanus is, first of all, vaccination, which is carried out at certain periods (according to the vaccination calendar). Vaccination significantly reduces the likelihood of contracting tetanus, and even if the pathogen enters the body, there is a possibility that the disease will be local in nature or occur in a mild, harmless form.

Tetanus vaccine and how it works

The tetanus vaccine is a drug containing toxoid - a neutralized substance that is secreted by bacteria that enter the body, and which causes damage to the nervous system.

It is important to understand that a person who has had tetanus does not receive immunity against this disease, since the toxin produced during the reproduction of the tetanus bacillus is not enough to produce antibodies. Therefore, for vaccination, an toxoid is used, free of negative effects on the body, but in a dose sufficient to form immunity

Tetanus shot: when is it done?

Prevention of tetanus begins in childhood, when at three months the child receives the first dose of tetanus toxoid. It is usually included in the DTP, but a tetanus shot can also be given with another drug - it all depends on which tetanus shot is recommended by the medical institution. After the first vaccination, the second dose is administered 45 days later, and the third after another 45 days. Revaccination after the third dose should be carried out one year after the tetanus shot.

Instead of DPT, today they offer complex vaccines, which in many cases are easier to tolerate by children (Infantrix Hexa or Pentaxim). But vaccinations using these vaccines are usually paid for. Unlike DPT, which is given free of charge in the children's clinic to which the child belongs.

Before vaccination, it is necessary to take a urine and blood test to make sure that the child does not have hidden inflammation or other health problems. You should also visit your pediatrician to get approval for the vaccine. If the child has been sick, the vaccine can be given no earlier than two weeks after complete recovery.

In order to maintain immunity against tetanus, according to the vaccination schedule, the child will need to be revaccinated at 7 years and at 14 years. In adulthood, a tetanus vaccine containing tetanus toxoid is given every 10 years.

In recent years, the opinion has gained some popularity that a child does not need to be vaccinated, since the likelihood of contracting many diseases is negligible

It is important to understand that the likelihood of becoming infected has become low precisely because the vast majority of people in our country and in many civilized countries have been vaccinated. In addition, tetanus is a disease that a person, and especially a child, can encounter at any time. After all, the causative agent of tetanus is able to maintain its viability while in the soil for 100 years

After all, the causative agent of tetanus is able to maintain its viability while in the soil for 100 years.

Adverse reactions after tetanus vaccination

Although the tetanus vaccine contains a neutralized toxin, some adverse reaction is inevitable when it enters the body. Moreover, a tetanus shot is one of the vaccinations that most often causes adverse reactions. It is possible to distinguish between “normal” and severe side effects after a tetanus vaccination.

“Normal” manifestations are considered local redness at the site of the tetanus injection, accompanied by swelling and pain. After a tetanus vaccination, many vaccinated people experience an increase in body temperature and changes in the reactions of the nervous system (some patients note a feeling of lethargy, others, on the contrary, are more excitable than usual). Gastrointestinal reactions are also common after a tetanus injection: vomiting, diarrhea, refusal to eat.

If a person who has received a dose of tetanus vaccine has a severe headache or excessive swelling at the site of the tetanus shot, they may have a severe reaction. Neurological manifestations in the form of seizures and short-term impairment of consciousness are also possible, but these cases after tetanus vaccination are extremely rare. Severe reactions are a recommendation to discontinue the course of tetanus vaccine.

Tetanus is a rather dangerous disease, which cannot be excluded even in those who have undergone vaccination courses

Therefore, in case of any injury, it is necessary to observe precautions and rules for treating wounds, and if you suspect that bacteria have entered the body, immediately seek help from a medical facility

Tetanus vaccination after injury: is it necessary?

A tetanus shot, given after an injury, is one of the most common methods to help prevent such a dangerous disease.
The development of a pathological process accompanied by damage to the nervous system is difficult to treat therapeutically and can therefore result in death. The reason is that the respiratory system is paralyzed and the person suffocates.

What kind of disease is this

Tetanus is part of a group of neuroinfectious diseases that can affect not only the human body, but also animals.

According to statistics, people living in rural areas are more susceptible to the disease. This is due to the long-term presence of the infectious pathogen in the soil.

It is important to remember that tetanus cannot be transmitted through contact with a sick person. Infection, as a rule, is provoked by pathogens when they come into contact with an injured area.

It is not the microorganism itself that poses a particular danger to the human body, but its metabolic products, since they contain strong poison.

On average, the disease develops from three to fourteen days. However, the time frame may extend to 30 days. It is also worth noting that with a more distant location of the lesion from the central nervous system, the incubation period will be longer.

Is it necessary to do

Some situations require unscheduled administration of a tetanus vaccine. As a rule, vaccination is carried out after injury.

This measure is extremely necessary to prevent the penetration of bacterial toxins into the body through wound skin surfaces, which leads to an increased risk of developing an infectious disease.

Unscheduled vaccination to prevent tetanus is carried out in the following situations:

• Dirt, manure, and particles of earth were found in the wound;
• the injury occurred as a result of a cut on glass, if a person stepped on a rusty nail or drove a wooden splinter under the skin;
• suffered frostbite;
• there was a clandestine abortion;
• when a woman is pregnant;
• there are foreign objects in the wound surface;
• there was an injury in which the damaged tissues were in close contact with a hard object or were sandwiched between them (for example, a fairly heavy structure fell on the leg);
• bitten by an animal or another person (similar cases have also been recorded).

The vaccine is also necessary if you receive a second or third degree burn, which puts the victim at increased risk of becoming infected with pathogenic toxins.

The vaccine must also be administered in case of injury with the formation of necrotic tissue. Since there is no possibility of supplying them with blood, the likelihood of infection increases. Such situations include gangrene, the formation of abscesses and ulcers, the healing of which does not occur for a long time.

In general, tetanus vaccination is given even when injured with a completely clean object..

This measure is necessary when the last vaccine was administered more than ten years ago.

The following drugs are used for unscheduled vaccination:

• adsorbed tetanus toxoid;
• purified concentrated equine anti-tetanus serum;
• human tetanus immunoglobulin;
• adsorbed diphtheria-tetanus toxoid with a reduced amount of antigens.

Before vaccination, a person is tested for the development of a reaction by administering a small amount of the drug. In the absence of characteristic manifestations, an injection is given to the drug with the introduction of the full volume of serum.

How quickly should you get vaccinated?

Since the incubation period of the disease is at least 3 days, vaccination against tetanus should be done, if possible, within several hours after injury. However, it should be noted that if the last immunization was carried out no more than 5 years ago, then this event is absolutely useless.

Where is the injection given?

The vaccine is given through intramuscular injection. In order for the blood to penetrate inside faster, the serum must be injected into the deep layers of the muscle.

To achieve maximum effect, an area with thin skin, where muscle tissue is well developed and a small amount of fatty tissue predominates, is suitable. If the drug penetrates the skin, an abscess or phlegmon may begin to develop. To prevent such consequences, it is not recommended to use the buttocks.

For adults, the drug is usually injected into the shoulder area or under the shoulder blade. For infants and children under three years of age - in the thigh.

After the procedure, experts do not recommend visiting places with large crowds of people, since at the time of vaccination the patient’s immune system weakens, which can provoke the development of an infectious respiratory disease.

Where can you get qualified help?

If a person is seriously injured, he must immediately go to the emergency room or clinic at his place of residence.

To carry out emergency vaccination, you will need:

• compulsory health insurance policy;
• referral from a general practitioner or pediatrician.

When you don’t have time to wait, you can use the paid services of a private clinic. An emergency tetanus vaccination will cost about 400 rubles.

Is there any benefit

When promptly sought medical help, vaccination helps protect a seriously injured patient from a dangerous disease such as tetanus. However, it is important to remember that you need to get the injection as quickly as possible.

The vaccine cannot be fully guaranteed if it was administered, for example, a week after the injury. In addition, it is useless to give an injection if the last revaccination was carried out more than 10 years ago.

Features of childhood vaccination

It is necessary to give an emergency vaccination in case of injury to a child only after checking the data on the vaccination card, since further treatment tactics will be selected based on this information:

• when vaccinated according to all standard rules, an additional injection is not given;
• if the vaccination is done on time, but there is no last revaccination due to age, anti-tetanus toxoid is administered;
• if there are only 2 scheduled vaccinations, the duration of which is no more than 5 years, AS is also administered, over five years - a milliliter of toxoid and 250 IU of human immunoglobulin are used;
• if the child has not been vaccinated, IPCH (human tetanus immunoglobulin) is administered up to 5 months.

It is also important to pay attention to the nature of the wound, whether it is infected or not . The tetanus vaccination schedule will also depend on this.

How long does the course last?

The full course of immunization depends on whether the person was vaccinated as a child or not.

So, for an unvaccinated adult, injections are given according to the following scheme:

• vaccine in a double dose, 30 days apart;
• the third – 12 months after the first two.

Then revaccination is carried out every 10 years.

In childhood, vaccinations are given five times, according to a special schedule. The first revaccination is carried out in adolescence (14-16 years).

When vaccination after injury is not necessary

For a minor cut or puncture, such as a finger, there is no need to go to a medical facility for a vaccine. In addition, there are certain contraindications in which tetanus vaccination is not given in case of injury.

These include:

• immunodeficiency in any form;
• individual intolerance to components;
• acute diseases and exacerbation of chronic ones;
• development of complications caused by the same vaccination.

If possible, injections are carried out after the condition has stabilized.

What consequences can there be after the vaccine?

Each body is individual, and the reaction to vaccination can be unpredictable.

Side effects are as follows:

• the general condition sharply worsens, lethargy, anxiety appear, there is no appetite, vomiting may begin;
• a lump appears at the injection site;
• an allergic reaction occurs in the form of swelling and redness of the skin;
• when infection penetrates, the temperature rises;
• Quincke's edema or anaphylactic shock appears;
• convulsive syndrome;
• collapsed state.

For minor complications, it is enough to use symptomatic medications. If the situation is serious, specialist advice will be required.

Conclusion

Tetanus is a serious disease that can be fatal in certain cases. Any serious injury can lead to the development of the disease. To prevent this from happening, you must immediately seek help from a medical facility for emergency vaccination.

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Source: https://naprivivku.ru/vzroslym/privivka-ot-stolbnjaka-posle-travmy.html

Touch Sensitivity

As Aspergers themselves state, their world is much louder than that of the average person. This is due to increased sensitivity to any stimuli, be it smells, touches, sounds, or visual images. It has been established that a similar phenomenon occurs in approximately 40% of people with AS. A hypersensitivity reaction can be triggered by anything: air temperature, bright light, food, clothing such as scratchy wool or labels on the underside, the touch of other people or large accumulations of them.

For example, when riding on public transport (subway, train, bus), Aspies sometimes use earplugs or headphones that play their favorite music. The mass of people, stuffiness and noise irritate them, unbalance them and lead to stressful conditions. Music helps to distract and calm down. When the situation becomes extremely tense, they have to leave it, go off the route to stand alone and enjoy the silence, and then continue on foot.

There are special types of therapy to cope with sensory problems. One of them is sensory integration therapy. Its essence lies in deliberate contact with unpleasant stimuli, occurring gradually and in doses. Thus, a person begins to get used to such collisions, no longer feeling irritability and panic.

It is very important for Aspergers to identify a method or strategy for neutralizing unpleasant impulses. For some, this solution is a small dose of alcohol.

According to Aspies, it muffles all obsessive sensations and helps reduce stress levels. Someone needs to retire for a while, wander through empty streets, someone swings on a swing.

Possible side effects

Adverse reactions in children can occur after any vaccination. The tetanus vaccine is no exception, especially if the serum is administered as part of DPT:

• inflammation of the lymph nodes;
• skin rashes;
• swelling and lump formation at the injection site;
• inflammation of the injection site;
• headache;
• convulsions;
• high body temperature that persists for a long time;
• intoxication of the body;
• disruption of the central nervous system;
• dyspeptic disorders;
• increased nervous excitability, insomnia, causeless crying;
• changes in blood pressure.

If one or more side effects are detected, you should immediately inform your pediatrician. If acute conditions occur, you must call an ambulance and follow the recommendations of the medical team.

Features of the tetanus vaccine: how long does the vaccination last?

Health > Be healthy > Features of the tetanus vaccine: how long does the vaccination last?

Tetanus is an infectious disease in which there are signs of toxicosis and convulsions that occur as a result of damage to cells of the nervous system by toxins.

The causative agent of the disease is considered to be Escherichia coli. Typically, the route of infection is the entry of a pathogenic microorganism into the mucous membranes or through damage to the skin.

Tetanus is a dangerous pathological condition that leads to the development of severe complications, often fatal.

Vaccination is considered a measure to prevent the disease. The features of such vaccination are discussed in this article.

Briefly about vaccination

Most often, tetanus occurs in children between three and seven years of age.

Tetanus bacillus usually enters the body through contaminated puncture and laceration wounds. The main cause of infection in children is considered to be leg injuries, when bare feet are injured, due to injury from prickly and sharp objects.

In infants, tetanus can develop as a result of infection of the umbilical cord when antiseptic rules are violated.

Tetanus is dangerous due to various complications, it often leads to death, therefore routine vaccination against the disease in children has been developed. To increase immune strength against this disease, children starting from three months are given tetanus toxoid.

Features of tetanus vaccination

Tetanus toxoid is contained in the following vaccines:

• Pentaxim
• DTP
• Tetraxim
• Infanrix
• Tetrakok
• Triaceluvax DPT

The vaccine is given three times, maintaining an interval of one and a half months. After this, revaccination is performed one year after the last vaccination. Thus, revaccination is done when the child is one year and six months old.

Vaccination is the key to your child’s health

According to the vaccination calendar, the next revaccination is carried out at seven and fourteen years. After this, vaccination must be done once every ten years.

Typically, the drug ADS-M is used for this.

Thus, the tetanus vaccine is valid for ten years.

The peculiarity of vaccination against this infection is the fact that it can be done unscheduled. Such emergency cases include injury, in which the integrity of the mucous membranes and skin is violated, with burns and frostbite, starting from the second degree.

In addition, tetanus prophylaxis is required after out-of-hospital births and abortions.

Indications for the use of the vaccine are animal bites, necrosis, gangrene, prolonged carbuncles and abscesses.

Usually 0.5 milliliters of vaccine is administered. If unvaccinated people or children are vaccinated, the injection is given in a volume of 1 milliliter.

The vaccination is done under the shoulder blade, inserting a needle deep into the skin. It is recommended to administer injections this way to adults and adolescents. For children, it is done intramuscularly in the anterior outer area of ​​the thigh.

Recommendations from pediatricians

Usually, vaccination against the disease is tolerated well. However, experts say that in some situations, the tetanus vaccine can cause side effects such as fever and general weakness. A local reaction is possible - for example, hyperemia of the skin and pain in the injection area.

Ten years is the period of validity of a tetanus vaccination.

In addition, an allergic reaction in the form of anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema, and rashes may occur. Seizures may also occur.

In such cases, it is recommended to take antipyretic medications and antihistamines. If more severe side effects occur, you should consult a specialist.

It is also important to remember that you must undergo a medical examination before vaccination. Weakened immunity can affect the development of adverse reactions, so vaccination should be carried out in completely healthy people

Before vaccination, you should consult with a specialist about possible such phenomena.

Pediatricians advise that after vaccination and revaccination, avoid contact with infected patients and not visit crowded places.

Another important rule in preparing for vaccination is the exclusion of introducing new foods into the child’s diet.

The vaccine is not allowed to be given during pregnancy, if you are allergic to substances included in the injection, or if there is an exacerbation of chronic diseases.

About tetanus - in detail in the video:

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Dates, types of vaccines

Tetanus in a child can only be prevented by vaccination. According to the calendar approved in the Russian Federation, vaccination is carried out for every child who has reached three months. The DTP vaccine from Russian manufacturers is available in all children's clinics, immunization against tetanus is free.

If for some reason (allergic mood, reluctance of parents to vaccinate with a domestic vaccine, etc.) it is not administered, vaccination is carried out using foreign analogues. In Russia, Pentaxim, five- and six-component Infanrix and Infanrix Hexa are used. Vaccinations give fewer negative reactions, but they are paid.

A month and a half after vaccination, the tetanus vaccine is repeated. The same thing is repeated after the same time. Thus, vaccination takes place in three stages and is completed by six months.

Revaccination is carried out only once a year after the last injection against tetanus and usually occurs at one and a half years of age.

Subsequent vaccinations are carried out at seven years and at fourteen, after which the child enters “adulthood”. Starting from the age of 18, vaccinations are carried out according to the indications and wishes of the person. But you should know that vaccinations should not be stopped.

Upon reaching adulthood, a tetanus vaccination is given once every ten years. If the patient does not have any notes on the vaccination in the outpatient card and does not remember the dates when it was done, proceed as follows. He receives two injections of the drug: one now, the other after 1.5 months. A booster vaccination against tetanus is given after nine months.

When and where to get a tetanus shot: schedule

For infants, three-time vaccination is used. The injection is given intramuscularly into the thigh

The baby does not yet understand the importance of immunization, so he just needs to be distracted, and then encouraged and praised

For preschool children and adolescents, the injection is given into the shoulder or under the shoulder blade. Parents are informed in advance about revaccination and receive written permission from one of them.

After adulthood, revaccination is necessary every 10 years.

If more than 5 years have passed since the last administration of the toxoid and severe contamination of the damaged skin has occurred, then an unscheduled anti-tetanus injection is necessary. Carrying out such a procedure also applies to planned pregnancy, or upcoming participation in hostilities.

This preventive precaution is carried out due to the fact that in many people the properties of toxoid disappear after 5 years

Vaccination calendar in Russia for children of the first year of life

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Did you cut yourself badly in the garden? Get a tetanus shot!

The hot sun is shining, and gardening work is in full swing. You need to plant and make something for the garden. Cuts and injuries are common during this period. Are they so harmless? Unfortunately no.

Of course, everyone has heard about such a terrible disease as tetanus. It seems to many that this only happens in other countries, in past centuries, and that it will never happen to them.

Others rely solely on immunization with a tetanus shot in childhood. Still others simply do not have information about the deadly disease and its prevention.

Still others are vaccinated, but are still afraid of every accidental cut and scratch.

How should you treat this disease, and when should you get a tetanus injection? Let's try to understand.

Every year, about 400,000 people worldwide die from tetanus, because the tetanus bacillus lives in soil all over the globe. Most infections occur in countries with hot climates and low levels of hygiene and lack of vaccination (countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America).

In Russia, cases of infection occur mainly in people over 65 years of age who have not been vaccinated against tetanus. In 2012, 35 cases of infection were recorded in our country, a third were fatal.

The mortality rate from tetanus with all the achievements of medical science is 16-25%, i.e. very high. In areas with no prevention - 80%.

When is a tetanus shot needed? How is it different from tetanus serum?

Vaccination with toxoid of this disease is done at an early age. The concentration of such a vaccine is very small. An adult needs to be revaccinated every 10 years as part of the ADS-m vaccine. It is designed to cause a person to develop their own antibodies to tetanus toxoid (TS). The effectiveness of such prevention has been proven.

In cases of injuries and burns, horse serum is administered, which is much heavier than the vaccination given in early childhood. Moreover, in this case, you need to associate the “tetanus shot” not only with children, but also with adults. This is the so-called passive vaccination, when ready-made antibodies to tetanus are administered.

So, both children and adults need to be administered tetanus serum in cases of serious injuries, deep cuts in contact with a source of infection, i.e. dirt (earth), and severe burns. This should be done as soon as possible (preferably in the first 5 days after the injury).

There is no need to worry about any cuts or scratches. But deep wounds, especially those that touch the subcutaneous fat, can be an excellent entry point for the tetanus bacillus.

Those. this could be an accidental “cut” of a finger with a hacksaw, a leg injury with a rusty nail, extensive abrasions that were in contact with the soil for a long time, a deep cut with dirty glass, etc. Also, the gateway for tetanus bacillus is burns and frostbite.

The decision to administer anti-tetanus serum is made by a surgeon, so immediately in cases of injury, try to consult with a doctor of this specialty, or if this is not possible, simply go to the emergency room. Serum should also be administered there if necessary.

If a person has had tetanus, then he is still recommended to be immunized against it throughout his life, because The body does not develop immunity to this disease.

How quickly do tetanus spores spread throughout the body of an adult and a child?

The causative agent of tetanus is the tetanus bacillus.
It is one of the opportunistic microorganisms, since it is constantly present on the body of each of us or in the intestines, without causing disease. The bacteria's exotoxin, which it begins to produce when exposed to a favorable environment, is dangerous to humans. As a rule, tetanus bacteria are in an inactive state in the environment, taking on the form of spores. In this form, they easily tolerate temperature changes and persist for a long time in soil, dirt, and manure. Tetanus bacillus is a classic anaerobe that turns into a vegetative form at a temperature of at least -40 C and the absence of oxygen.

The ideal environment for the growth and reproduction of the microorganism is wound surfaces, especially deep puncture or incised wounds, crushed tissue, and burns. Tetanus can enter the body with unsterile instruments during surgical operations under aseptic conditions, criminal abortions, and poor-quality dental procedures.

Once in the body, tetanus spores transform into a vegetative form and begin to produce an exotoxin - tetanospasmin. The period of time from infection to the development of the first symptoms of the disease is called incubation and can last from three days to a month for different people.

The length of the incubation period depends on many factors:

• the amount and activity of tetanus bacillus, which entered the body through the wound surface;
• the presence of vaccine immunity in the patient and his condition;
• supporting forces of the body;
• age characteristics;
• concomitant diseases.

In children, the exotoxin begins to act much faster than in older patients, since less of it is needed to develop seizures. As a rule, it takes 8 to 14 days for the first signs of the disease to appear.

This time is quite enough for, if a potentially infected patient does not have a tetanus vaccination, to begin administering antitetanus serum, which will protect him from the likely progression of the pathological process.

Immunization during pregnancy

Whether it is necessary to get a tetanus vaccination is up to each woman to decide for herself. But it is better to immunize before planned conception. One month before pregnancy, the ADS-M vaccine is given. It protects not only the woman, but also the unborn child from the disease. Tetanus antibodies will be passed to the born baby through breast milk.

Pregnant women can get a tetanus vaccine, but only after 27 weeks. If a woman has not been vaccinated before, she is given the ADS vaccine. If vaccinations were done according to plan, but more than 9 years have passed since the last one, revaccination is carried out.

Adverse reactions may be in the form of redness, swelling and hardening of the injection site, body temperature may rise slightly, sleep may be disturbed and appetite may decrease.

When do you get a tetanus shot?

What is the tetanus vaccination schedule? This is a mandatory vaccination included in the national calendar, which is given to all babies a few months after birth. At what age do children get a tetanus vaccine? The first meeting of the child in the case of routine vaccination against tetanus occurs at the age of 3 months. This is not the only protection during this period of a child’s life, since the vaccine in most cases is complex and also includes antigens against whooping cough and diphtheria (DTP). The event is planned in advance, so the mother and child are invited by a nurse to the clinic, where the doctor examines the baby and then sends her to the prevention room.

In order for the immune system to work better when encountering an infection, the vaccine must be administered at least three times. Therefore, according to the vaccination schedule, the next vaccination is given 1.5 months after the first, and then another one at 6 months.

How often do you get a tetanus shot? At 18 months, to consolidate the effect, a revaccination is carried out, the second at 6 years, then at 16 (sometimes the third revaccination takes place at 14 or 17 years, it depends on the vaccination schedule, it has changed a little over the past decades). After the third revaccination, a tetanus vaccine is given every 10 years. There are no age restrictions for her. Bacteria are found on almost all objects around us and in the soil; you can encounter an infection at any age, and after 50 complications there are many more due to the weakness of the body.

In addition to planned cases, there are also emergency tetanus vaccinations. When are they made?

1. Before carrying out operations. When referring for surgical treatment, one of the mandatory points in the referral is the presence of vaccinations. If vaccination data is lost, the patient must be vaccinated additionally.
2. Emergency vaccination is carried out for frostbite, burns and all types of wounds. It is done regardless of whether a routine tetanus vaccination has been carried out or not.
3. An emergency tetanus shot is given when a dog is bitten. Wounds with deep penetration are dangerous due to numerous complications, the development of tetanus is one of them. To prevent an infectious disease, tetanus toxoid is urgently administered.
4. Long-healing ulcers, ulcerative lesions of the extremities, gangrene of the fingers are an indication for additional vaccination.
5. In what other cases should you get a tetanus vaccination? Women are vaccinated after home births and illegal abortions.

When and under what circumstances is emergency administration of toxoid required?

In medical practice, there have been cases when immediate use of a tetanus vaccine is required. Vaccination allows you to avoid specific infection in a number of pathological conditions:

• traumatic injuries;
• moderate and severe burns and frostbite;
• childbirth in out-of-hospital conditions and “criminal” abortions without complying with sanitary and hygienic requirements;
• injuries as a result of combat operations or during exercises;
• multiple abscesses, boils and carbuncles;
• gangrenous lesions;
• animal bites.

For the above injuries, wound treatment and sanitation is carried out, and, if necessary, surgical treatment. In parallel with these activities, a tetanus vaccine is administered.

Tetanus toxoid, human immunoglobulin, and horse serum are used as preventive measures.

Important! It is necessary to find out whether similar vaccinations have been carried out in recent years. If the child was given it according to the calendar, it means that immunity has already been formed and there is no need to get a tetanus vaccination. Adults who have received the vaccine within the last five years should not have it repeated. Persons who have high titers of antibodies against tetanus in their blood are also not subject to immunization.

Tetanus symptoms

Even if you have had the disease once, you still need a tetanus shot.
It will create strong immunity for a long time and will allow you to avoid unpleasant symptoms in the future. The disease begins with acute local manifestations:

• burning sensation;
• tingling;
• pain is reflected in the direction of the nerve trunks.

One of the specific symptoms is spasms of the masticatory muscles. Before them, facial muscle spasms begin, the face acquires a “sardonic smile”, the person cannot open his mouth and speak, eating is extremely difficult.

Tetanus convulsions spread further. One of the signs of the emerging convulsive syndrome is opisthotonus, when the patient arches in such a way that only the back of the head and heels touch the bed. The seizures get worse every day, can be provoked by any irritant and practically do not stop. Asphyxia occurs, blood circulation is impaired, and without proper medical care, death can occur.