How to use Purelan for diaper rash in newborns?

Every mother knows that caring for the skin of small children requires special attention, because if you do not devote the necessary amount of time to it, then there is a chance that the baby will have problems in the near future.

Purelan for diaper rash in newborns

The main source of irritation in the diaper area is the moist environment formed due to skin contact with the diaper. A warm and humid environment in this area is an ideal condition for the growth of bacteria, the activity of which provokes redness on the sensitive skin of children. For care, you can use Purelan cream against diaper rash in newborns.

It is easy to notice diaper rash immediately after removing the diaper from the baby. The mild degree of this lesion is a red spot. This spot can have different sizes. If the problem that arises is not solved quickly, then after some time white and red pimples may form in the affected area. Irritation in children often occurs in the buttock area.

Sometimes small spots form on the baby’s skin, which parents do not always immediately notice. And with further changes of diapers, these spots become larger in size and combine into one whole. Penetration of infection into them can lead to the development of pustules and increased temperature.

That is why every baby needs careful and careful care of his skin; the mother must provide conditions under which this problem does not worsen.

Purelan for dermatitis in children

With the birth of a child, mothers face many problems; they need to take care of the health and safety of the child. It is important for young parents to anticipate possible difficulties and prepare to solve them.

Purelan will relieve your baby from diaper rash

Benefits of use

The listed drugs for the treatment of diaper rash in young children have a number of advantages, according to which parents choose them:

  • natural ingredients in the composition;
  • ultrapure substances that are not harmful to health;
  • restoration of the natural fat balance of the skin;
  • suitable not only for the baby, but also for all family members;
  • odorless.

girl squeezes cream

The product contains simple components that bring maximum benefit and eliminate the problem completely. Parents prefer drugs that quickly combat irritation and create a protective layer on the surface of the skin. Children often experience diaper rash, so parents should always have a cream, ointment, gel or spray in their home arsenal. Moreover, it helps to cope with other skin problems.

Diaper rash and redness in newborns

Frequent problems that parents of infants have to cope with are redness and diaper rash. This is due to the characteristics of the skin of a newborn.

The skin of a baby has a low acidity of the fatty lubricant, which protects against bacteria. In addition, it is easily vulnerable, with a thin stratum corneum and an abundance of blood vessels. A child's delicate skin requires careful care and attention. Any external irritants can cause harm. The skin reacts especially sharply to excess moisture and friction.

If abrasions appear on the child’s skin, the diaper was not changed on time, or the folds were not wiped very carefully after bathing, irritation is guaranteed. This is the initial stage of diaper rash.

The situation is aggravated by heat and moisture, characteristic of the microclimate under the diaper and diaper.

The most vulnerable place for irritation is between the legs. Less commonly, the skin behind the ears, on the neck, and under the armpits is affected.

Irritation can be caused by dermatitis or allergies, which can be caused by food or cosmetics. Responding in a timely manner is the most important condition for successful treatment.

To prevent diaper rash in newborns, you need to carefully care for your baby’s skin: wash your baby regularly, wipe all skin folds, and sprinkle them with baby powder. It is necessary to ensure sufficient air flow to the baby's skin. You should not overuse diapers - you need to give your skin a rest. The absolute advantage of diapers is that they absorb moisture well. However, they restrict airflow, which negatively affects your baby's skin.

But what to do if diaper rash does appear? First of all, you need to:

  • eliminate the use of diapers for a while and allow the skin to dry out;
  • wash the child using a weak solution of potassium permanganate;
  • when bathing, add herbal infusions of chamomile and string to the water;
  • closely monitor the first manifestations of an allergic reaction.

In the first stages of the disease, these measures may be sufficient. Heat rash in babies is a fairly common phenomenon. Even a young, inexperienced mother can cope with it. We must not forget that herbs can be powerful allergens.

If you cannot cope with the problem and the diaper rash does not disappear, or perhaps the skin lesion has spread, you should seek advice from a doctor.

Severe damage to the newborn's skin caused by irritation from diaper rash can lead to the development of pustules. If the affected areas are not treated in a timely manner, then within a few hours the diaper rash will become covered with wet ulcers and then cracks. Getting into the resulting wounds, the infection provokes inflammation in the deep layers of the skin, causing pain, itching and burning. Body temperature may increase.

Taking into account the characteristics of the child, the doctor may recommend Bepanten, Panthenol, Purelan for diaper rash.

Dexpanthenol for prickly heat

Dexpanthenol also helps to get rid of diaper rash. The drug has an anti-inflammatory and restorative effect. The medicine contains B vitamins and other beneficial substances. Panthenol-based gel penetrates into the deepest layers of the skin and gives an excellent therapeutic effect.

Dexpanthenol

CREAM PURELAN

Children's skin is many times more sensitive than adult skin. Therefore, more stringent requirements are imposed on medicinal products for newborns.

MAIN OPERATING COMPONENTS

The use of Purelan for diaper rash in newborns is quite effective.

The cream is thick in consistency, transparent with a yellowish tint, viscous and greasy. Made in Switzerland. The main active ingredient is very highly purified lanolin. Does not contain alcohol, additives or preservatives.

PROPERTIES OF PURELAN

Lanolin, which is part of the cream, is similar in its chemical properties to human sebum. It is quickly absorbed into the skin, perfectly moisturizes, eliminating dryness and flaking, and relieves irritation. Having a softening effect, Purelan cream based on lanolin even copes with the formation of a crust on the affected area.

Having no contraindications for infants, Purelan 100 is perfect for treatment. It has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, relieves irritation. The product is safe and hypoallergenic.

Promotes fast and comfortable healing, gently affecting damaged delicate skin. The cream acts very gently, restoring the skin.

INDICATIONS FOR USE

Purelan helps with cracked nipples during breastfeeding

Purelan is the best cream in this area, it can also be used for diaper rash in newborns, it is also used for prevention of problems with the skin of the nipples in a nursing mother, and can be used as a remedy for sweating in a baby. This will help you save on purchasing separate products for the baby and for the mother. Purelan should always be in your home medicine cabinet.

Difficulties often arise when breastfeeding. If the baby does not latch onto the breast correctly, the mother will experience pain, the skin on the aureole will crack, and bruising may even occur.

Similar problems are faced by women with sensitive skin prone to dryness in the nipple area or metabolic disorders in the body. Painful sensations are also possible during prolonged feeding, when the baby begins to teethe.

Also, Purelan for diaper rash in newborns can be used not only as a cream for diaper rash, but also applied to a severe runny nose, when the baby’s nose rubs and turns red. The cream will relieve inflammation and soothe the skin.

MODE OF APPLICATION

As a natural remedy that helps relieve sweating immediately after application, it is harmless to both mother and baby, so there is no need to wash it off.

The cream should be applied after feeding. Before application, it is recommended to wash your hands thoroughly, lubricate the nipples with breast milk, and allow to dry. And only after that apply Purelan in a thin layer to the areola area.

A significant plus and advantage of Purelan is the absence of smell and taste, which practically eliminates the possibility of the baby refusing to breastfeed.

For diaper rash, Purelan should be applied after bathing to the baby’s clean, dry skin.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

The product is safe for children, it is hypoallergenic

Purelan cream has proven itself well in the treatment of diaper rash and diaper dermatitis in infants. It helps to quickly alleviate the child’s condition, and is also a good preventive measure.

Regular use of the cream will not only quickly restore the baby’s skin, but will also prevent the recurrence of painful sensations, provided that the necessary preventive measures are followed.

Purelan is safe. But allergic reactions cannot be ruled out in case of individual intolerance to lanolin. Therefore, before use, it is recommended to conduct a sensitivity test on a small area of ​​skin. Do not mix the cream with other drugs.

Cases of intoxication resulting from overdose have not been described. A possible side effect of lanolin is blockage of the sebaceous ducts. In the production of Purelan, very highly purified lanolin is used, which minimizes the occurrence of side effects.

Purelan is available in a convenient 37 g tube.

ANALOGUES

Purelan has analogues: Lanovit and Sanosan mama

When treating diaper rash in babies, abrasions and cracked nipples in nursing mothers, analogues of Purelan are used:

  • Lanovit;
  • Sanosan mama.

The German Sanosan mama from purified lanolin and the natural Russian drug Lanovit, also made on the basis of purified lanolin with the addition of vitamin E, chamomile extract and sea buckthorn oil, are similar in their mode of action.

These drugs, like Purelan, relieve inflammation and have an antibacterial and regenerating effect on skin cells.

  • Pros : relieved atopic dermatitis, very economical, natural composition.
  • Cons : sticky, unpleasant smell, expensive, hard to find.

My story is about how I coped with the manifestations of atopic dermatitis in a child.

How to choose?

When choosing a remedy for diaper rash in newborns, it is necessary to determine the degree of damage to the skin area. The drugs also differ according to age. If the problem is at the initial stage, warm boiled water and baby soap will help. Areas that tend to get a little wet will return to normal if you regularly use powder or cream.

Children's skin is tender. Based on this fact, treatment of the dermis should be carried out with extreme caution. Parents are advised to be aware of the possibility of allergic reactions. This happens during treatment with medications, but this only applies to neglected affected areas.

Products containing panthenol and zinc are considered effective.

The choice of ointment for infants is made taking into account the symptoms. They eliminate swelling, inflammation and itching. This way the development of complications is prevented. A dermatologist, pediatrician, or any other specialist knowledgeable in this area can help with your choice.

Diaper rash on baby's bottom

First meeting

PureLan 100 ointment appeared in my life by accident. When I was getting ready to go to the maternity hospital with my second child, a friend gave me a whole package of necessary things for my “duty suitcase.” Among the breast pads, breast pump, bottles, I found an incomprehensible thick plastic tube with the inscription PureLan 100. Not a word in Russian. It was only clear to me that it was hypoallergenic, contained only lanolin, and was made in Germany by Medela. (As I later found out, the Russian words were supposed to be on the box, but it didn’t reach me).


This is what Purelan ointment looks like

I turned the tube over in my hands, twirled it, and sniffed it: it was a very thick, greasy ointment, and for some reason it smelled slightly like sheep’s wool. I looked on the Internet to see what kind of thing I got. It turned out that this is an ointment for nipples, which can become injured and crack at the beginning of feeding. And it really only contains one component – ​​lanolin. This is wax that is boiled from sheep's wool.


Reverse side of the tube. It can be seen that it contains only lanolin.

But I already had Depanthenol prepared, which worked well as a healing agent when my eldest child was small. And I didn’t have any problems with my nipples either the first or the second time, and Depanthenol dealt with diaper rash on my baby’s bottom just fine. Besides, as I thought then: what kind of medicine is wool wax? Therefore, PureLan was literally shelved.

Our problem

But still it was useful to me. And it turned out to be so effective that now I’m ready to sing its praises and will soon run for a new package: the old one is running out, but I can’t live without it. But seriously, to understand me, you need a little background.

When my eldest son was about five years old, red, flaky spots appeared on his skin. We smeared them with baby cream, they faded, but after a few hours they appeared again. When they began to itch and it became clear that the baby cream was not helping, we went to the doctor.

You can read another story - a review of a happy recovery from atopic dermatitis here.

Our reader Varvara told us how to cure contact dermatitis in this article.

It turned out that this was how neurodermatitis (or atopic dermatitis) manifested itself. In addition to diet, daily routine, and other things, the doctor prescribed an ointment and lotion related to corticosteroids to relieve itching and flaking. Of course, I bought them, and they even helped. But only when they were smeared with them. As soon as they stopped, the redness appeared again in even larger areas. But these drugs cannot be applied to large areas, especially for a long time: they have a lot of all sorts of terrible side effects. Therefore, in the intervals between these ointments, they began to use Depanthenol. The redness and peeling decreased slightly, the itching subsided a little. But the spots under the knees only turned pale, the folds of the arms turned red, and behind them the cheeks. In addition, the new spots became increasingly larger in size, and the itching was painful, gradually turning into pain.

PureLan 100 – an unexpected solution to the problem

So we suffered for six months. The child was constantly itching and by hook or by crook he obtained forbidden sweets, after which the itching became unbearable. He scratched his skin until it bled. There were attempts to rinse it in different decoctions - to no avail. Without hoping for anything, I lubricated the affected areas with PureLan.

My son really didn’t like the ointment. We smeared it before bed. Since the ointment is very thick and sticky, it was impossible to immediately cover myself with a blanket. In addition, he found the smell disgusting. The ointment actually smells stronger when applied than from the tube, but, in my opinion, it’s quite normal.


To squeeze out such a drop, the child has to sweat. But it is enough, for example, for the back of an adult hand.

A surprise awaited us in the morning. At that moment, I was even ready to call it a miracle. The red, scaly spot became pale and smooth. I didn't expect such an effect. Immediately applied it again. By evening the picture became even more pleasant. For several days we applied it twice a day, then only at night. Everything is over. It’s even annoying: there was so much torment, but salvation lay in the closet. Now we only use it when new redness appears. Before they disappear. More than once a day is not required.


The ointment begins to melt on the skin.

I apply what remains on my fingers to my lips. And I forgot what chapped lips are, and this smell of sheep wool even seems pleasant to me. I also lubricate dry elbows and knees when necessary, my husband applies it to his chapped hands, and sometimes we apply it to my youngest son’s nose, which is red from frequent wiping. But all these are nice bonuses. The main thing for me is that PureLan 100 saved us from neurodermatitis.


The skin remains so oily for a long time.

My opinion about PureLan 100

I am not a pharmacist, so I don’t know what causes this medicine to act this way. And I’m not a doctor, so I don’t know why this ointment was not prescribed to us right away and whether it will help others. But for us it is a super remedy.

  • Very effective. In our case, it exceeded all expectations.
  • It contains only one substance, and it is natural. (To be honest, I thought that this could not happen: the manufacturer must add some kind of preservative).
  • Very economical, very little is used. Especially now that we no longer experience major redness.
  • Very sticky. After application, the child cannot immediately cover himself with a blanket.
  • My son doesn't like the smell, although I practically don't smell it.
  • For some reason I can't find it in pharmacies, including online pharmacies (at least the ones I know). But you can buy, for example, on ozone.
  • Quite expensive. But you need a little of it for large areas.
  • It doesn’t squeeze out of the tube well – it’s quite difficult for a child to do this.
  • It’s thick, so it’s applied only to areas; for example, you can’t spread it all over your back.

But all these disadvantages are completely insignificant compared to one huge advantage - it is truly effective without any side effects (not like those drugs that cure one thing and cripple another).

Purelan 100 is a medicine that is widely in demand among women who are breastfeeding. It is designed to restore the delicate skin of the nipples damaged during lactation. The drug stimulates accelerated regeneration by improving intracellular metabolism.

Thanks to its natural composition, Purelan 100 is safe for mother and child. In clinical practice, its side effects are extremely rare. But to completely exclude them will help to consult a doctor before carrying out therapy.

Composition and release form

Purelan is manufactured by Medela, a Swiss company that specializes in producing products for mothers and babies. The cream is a dense, viscous, thick substance of brown color with a greenish tint.

Its smell is not pungent, but very specific. The drug is packaged in 37.0 g in yellow plastic tubes with a screw cap. Each is enclosed in a compact cardboard box along with instructions for use.

Purelan ointment is a one-component medicine. Its composition is represented by lanolin from the clinical-pharmacological group of natural antiseptics and regeneration stimulants. The substance is an analogue of an organic compound that is obtained by washing sheep wool.

What determines the therapeutic activity of lanolin:

  • esters of high molecular weight alcohols (cholesterol, isocholesterol);
  • higher fatty acids (myristic, palmitic, cerotinic);
  • free high molecular weight alcohols.


Lanolin is an animal wax that is perfectly absorbed and has a regenerating effect.
The regenerating agent does not contain stabilizers, preservatives, flavors, or dyes. It is as hypoallergenic as possible and is well tolerated by newborns and their mothers.

Pharmacological properties

The therapeutic effects of Purelan are provided by bioactive substances from the chemical composition of lanolin. To prevent cracks, the ability of the cream to form a thin but durable film on the skin is important. Oxygen necessary for biochemical reactions passes through it freely. But it is absolutely impermeable to pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Purelan is also characterized by other pharmacological properties:

  • relief of sluggish and subacute inflammatory processes;
  • reduction in the severity of pain;
  • accelerated resorption of edema, including inflammatory ones;
  • exfoliation of keratinized skin scales;
  • retaining moisture in all layers of the dermis, preventing its evaporation;
  • softening the skin, increasing its elasticity and firmness.


Lanolin has the property of enveloping the skin with a thin film, impenetrable to microbes.
Under the influence of bioactive substances Purelan 100, intracellular metabolism is accelerated. The blood supply to damaged tissues with organic compounds necessary for their regeneration improves. All this leads to the restoration of the skin on the nipples and the healing of painful cracks.

Lanolin from Purelan 100 is characterized by pronounced immunostimulating properties. It increases local immunity, thereby preventing the re-formation of cracks in the chest.

Indications for use

Using Purelan 100 is one of the best ways to avoid irritation and subsequent skin damage. As a preventive measure, the cream can be used throughout the entire feeding period.

And for treatment, doctors prescribe a cream when diagnosing the following pathological conditions:

  • sore nipples, including those caused by inflammation;
  • redness, irritation of the nipples, their microtrauma;
  • formation of cracks, formation of bleeding erosions.

Often, defects in the nipples become consequences of hypovitaminosis. Vitamin deficiency also leads to cracking of the skin in the corners of the lips. To restore it, Purelan is also used in the form of ointment and cream.


The ointment is also often prescribed for the treatment of angulitis (zaed)

Diaper dermatitis

It is also used to treat diaper dermatitis. This is a local inflammation of the skin of a child in the first year of life, caused by weeping or infection. Diaper dermatitis is manifested by swelling and redness of the skin, and an increase in local temperature.

Purelan, even after a single application, eliminates all symptoms with subsequent skin regeneration. It copes well with diaper rash, rashes, microcracks, erosions - complications of dermatitis.

Diathesis

Purelan is also used as part of complex therapy for diathesis in a newborn. This is not an independent disease, but a feature of the human constitution. Since there are many reasons for the development of diathesis, its clinical picture is very diverse. It can manifest itself as small and large rashes, itching, peeling, and red spots.

Regardless of the form of symptoms, Purelan helps to get rid of them in the shortest possible time. The drug normalizes lipid metabolism and increases the protective properties of the skin.


Purelan 100 is used in the treatment of diathesis and dermatitis in young children

Application principle

Parents are strongly advised to pay attention to the composition of the medicinal product if the product will be applied under the diaper. If any of the ingredients contain allergens, you should discard it. When an ointment, gel or cream is used for the first time, a special test is performed. Apply a small amount of the composition to the skin area and leave for 2-3 hours. If there is no allergic reaction, it can be used to treat diaper rash.

To get the maximum effect, you must apply the drug correctly:

  1. Bathe your child by patting the skin with a towel and thus drying it.
  2. Do not put clothes on your baby to help the skin dry out.
  3. Apply the medicine with light movements to all affected areas.
  4. Wait until the cream is completely absorbed and only then put on the diaper.

mother takes care of the child

During the first application, carefully monitor the baby's condition. If a rash appears, it means that the composition contains a component that the baby’s body cannot tolerate. In this case, stop use and consult a pediatrician. If the cause of the allergy is found out, another medicine is preferred.

Instructions for use

The instructions for use of Purelan 100 recommend using it as prescribed by a doctor. He will assess the condition of the skin on the nipples and, if necessary, additionally prescribe antimicrobial agents. If the doctor has not determined an individual dosage regimen, you should follow the recommendations of the annotation.

During treatment, you must follow the rules of asepsis. First, thoroughly wash your hands with soap, and then the damaged skin of the chest and face. It must be dried for better absorption of lanolin, which has the properties of an emulsifier. The cream is applied to the nipple in a small amount and left until completely dry.

There is no need to wash off Purelan - the longer the product is on the skin, the faster it recovers. Ingestion of lanolin by a child does not in any way affect his health.

One of the conditions for the quick effect of the cream is its constant presence on the skin.

The duration of the therapeutic course varies. Deep cracks heal in 10-14 days. A few days are enough to eliminate microtraumas. Purelan 100 is also suitable for daily breast skin care.

Overdose

There have been no cases of overdose of Purelan 100 ointment and cream in clinical practice. A pathological condition does not occur even with prolonged use.

Side effects

Lanolin metabolism occurs directly in the skin. Therefore, the risk of developing systemic side effects is completely excluded. Allergic manifestations are possible on the skin. They are indicated by swelling, redness, skin irritation, rash, itching, and soreness. You need to quickly wash off Purelan and be sure to seek medical help.


If you experience discomfort or allergies, wash off the ointment (cream) and seek medical help.

special instructions

The Swiss manufacturer produces Purelan in two dosage forms - cream and ointment. The latter is less thick, is absorbed faster by the skin, and immediately has a therapeutic effect. Therefore, doctors usually prescribe ointment for severe nipple pain.

Purelan cream is usually used to protect already damaged skin. It prevents pathogenic microorganisms from entering cracks.

Doctors recommend that women during pregnancy prepare their breasts for feeding with it. Lanolin softens the skin and prevents injury even when the baby is actively sucking.

Pregnancy (and lactation)

Lanolin does not have teratogenic or mutagenic properties. Purelan 100 is safe and does not harm the baby or nursing mother. Its use is permitted during pregnancy to prepare the nipples for the upcoming lactation.


Purelan 100 is also used for preventive purposes: to prepare nipples for feeding

Storage conditions and periods

The shelf life of the drug is 3 years. But after opening the tube, the cream should be used within 2-3 months. Purelan should be stored at room temperature in places protected from direct sunlight.

Young children's access to the drug should be limited. If the cream separates, changes color or smell, it cannot be used for treatment or prevention.

Conditions for dispensing from pharmacies

When purchasing Purelan 100, you do not need to present pharmacies with a prescription from a doctor.

Drug interactions

Purelan is compatible with any local and systemic agents used in the treatment of cracks. But it must be applied 20-30 minutes after applying local antibiotics, antimycotics, and antiseptics.

The price of Purelan 100 varies slightly in different pharmacy chains. The average cost of a package of cream is 390 rubles. You can buy the ointment for 320-360 rubles.

Use of Solcoseryl

Another effective remedy for the treatment of diaper rash is Solcoseryl. Used for external use. The tube of the medicine is filled with a homogeneous, fatty mass of a whitish hue. The color of the composition can vary from white to pale yellow. Has a slight smell of meat broth and Vaseline.

The medication promotes rapid healing of wounds, cuts and other injuries to the skin. A thin layer of the mixture is applied to the area with diaper rash, after pre-treating the skin with a disinfectant. Use no more than 1-2 times a day. Can be applied to the skin itself or made into bandages. The duration of treatment is determined in each specific case and continues until the wounds are completely healed and elastic scar tissue forms.

Children who are prone to allergic reactions should use it with great caution.

Solcoseryl

The medicine in the form of a gel does not contain fats, so it is easily washed off. After its use, granulation tissue is formed and exudate is removed. If the diaper rash has dried up and the baby is recovering, it is recommended to switch from gel to ointment. Solcoseryl ointment contains auxiliary components of fats that form a protective film on the skin.

For diaper rash in children, you can also use another form of the drug - a spray. The application method is no different from gel or ointment. The only plus is that use does not cause additional movements. But there is also a disadvantage, which is the unpleasantness of the cold spray jet. The release form is in no way inferior to gel or ointment.

Expert opinion

Lyudmila Sheveleva, pharmacist

Purelan is one of the most effective drugs for treating cracked nipples. This is the name for skin defects that are characterized by severe damage to thin, sensitive skin. Clinically, the cracks manifest themselves as such sharp pain that they can “give” under the scapula.

Their infection poses a threat to the child’s health, including the development of an intestinal infection. Vitamin deficiencies, general malaise, and improper feeding techniques predispose to their formation. Purelan helps prevent cracks from forming. Its use allows you to get rid of them in just a few days of treatment.

Reviews

Natalya, 38 years old, Murmansk

When choosing a quality remedy for cracked nipples, I read a lot of reviews about Purelan 100. Women described it as an effective remedy that quickly restores the skin. They especially emphasized the safety of the cream, its gentle, gentle effect. After the purchase, my expectations were completely met.

Elizaveta, 24 years old, Moscow

I started using Purelan 100 already in the third trimester of pregnancy. I rubbed it into my nipples and left it until completely dry. Therefore, I did not have any problems during the breastfeeding period. But I still lubricated the areola and nipple with squeezed milk and Purelan almost every day.

Application of Purelan

It is an effective remedy for the treatment of diaper rash. Has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. The use of Purelan is possible due to:

  • natural composition;
  • hypoallergenic;
  • no contraindications.

Thanks to these characteristics, the ointment becomes ideal for use. But even such a remedy has one drawback. The drug has high fat content and viscosity. Many parents notice this.

Purelan

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