Almost every second person is familiar with allergies; the symptoms are especially pronounced in children. Decoctions, baths, infusions, oils and ointments made from bay leaves are considered effective remedies for allergies in children.
In this case, the use of the plant must be agreed with a doctor and should not completely replace the main treatment.
How to choose bay leaf for allergy treatment
For allergies in children, it is better to use fresh bay leaves, but dry ones will also work. It retains most of its beneficial properties if properly dried. It is best to buy it at the market during the season or in a spice shop, where you can evaluate it visually, touch and smell it.
The plant should not be stained or affected by fungus, the color should be olive or green, the smell should be characteristic. Bay leaf should not be stored for more than a year, otherwise it begins to lose its properties and effectiveness.
After purchase, it is kept in sealed containers and excluded from exposure to sunlight.
Beneficial features
Photo: Blooming laurel tree
Have you ever wondered why bay leaves are useful? And why is it actively used in everyday life. The answer is simple - bay leaves contain:
- healthy oils,
- aromatic potent substances and acids,
- Vitamin C
- a small amount of protein.
Its beneficial effect is associated with strengthening the walls of blood vessels. It has a strong immunostimulating effect, relieves inflammation, itching and irritation. The plant also promotes the removal of toxins and restores the functioning of the digestive tract. Used in the form of compresses, lotions and infusions.
Bay oil has beneficial qualities. It is a potent diuretic, removes germs and bacteria, strengthens the immune system.
A proven folk remedy for allergies is eggshells with lemon juice.
Find out more about its correct use in this article.
How to select and store bay leaves
Traditionally, bay leaves, after being picked, are dried in the shade away from direct sunlight to preserve the volatile essential oils it contains. By following this rule, dry leaves keep all the beneficial substances fresh.
Pay attention to the color of the leaves
You can buy laurel leaves (both crushed and whole) in any supermarket; in addition, they can be found at the market or in specialized spice stores.
For medicinal purposes, it is advisable to buy laurel in trusted places. If this is not possible, pay attention to the color, smell, presence of spots or fungus on the leaves.
Quality bay leaves should be olive green in color, without any pigmented areas.
Buy leaves from the market when they are in season. Then you will get the highest quality, fragrant leaves. At other times, try to find a clear package of leaves to be sure of their quality.
At home, store bay leaves in airtight containers and keep them out of direct sunlight. Laurel leaves should not be stored for longer than a year - this will cause them to lose their aroma.
Note: It is quite possible to grow laurel at home. In this case, you will definitely be confident in the quality of the resulting raw materials.
Decoction, tincture and oil - what are the differences?
The method of preparing bay leaves for allergies for infants depends on the type of use:
- A decoction is prepared by steeping the leaf in boiling water. Heat treatment produces a less concentrated liquid than an infusion, but it is prepared quickly and does not need to wait several days.
- The tincture is mainly made with the addition of alcohol or vodka and is used for external rubbing or bathing, less often for drinking.
- For oils , the leaves are infused in vegetable oils.
Each form of preparation has its own indications and contraindications; you must familiarize yourself with them before use.
Preparing dishes and materials
Bay leaves for allergies in children should be prepared correctly.
To do this you need:
- Choose an enamel container for brewing.
- Rinse sheets with running water before use.
- Apply lotions and rubdowns with soft material or cotton pads.
Ready-made decoctions are stored in the refrigerator for no more than 5 days, after which time they lose their beneficial properties and acquire a bitter taste and unpleasant odor.
Bay oil - how to prepare
To prepare bay leaf oil for allergies in a baby you will need:
- a pack of dry plant;
- vegetable (olive, linseed) oil – 100 ml;
- tightly closed container;
- mortar.
Further:
- Grind the leaves in a mortar, but not very finely, otherwise the oil will be difficult to filter.
- Place the bay leaves into a tightly sealed container.
- Pour the contents with heated oil.
Leave the tightly sealed container in a dark place for a week. To speed up the process of preparing the medicine, the composition is heated in a water bath for 60 minutes.
Baths for bathing
For diathesis in infants, bay leaves are added to baths in the form of a decoction no more than 2 times a week. It is prepared from 30-50 grams of the plant and half a liter of boiling water, which is left to steep for 30 minutes. Children over 3 months of age are allowed to bathe daily until symptoms disappear.
You can add sheets directly to the bath.
Brewing recipes
- For diathesis in infants, bay leaves are brewed in a thermos , in the proportion of 10 leaves per 1 liter of water. To do this, place the plant in a pan of hot water and boil for 3-5 minutes. Next, the liquid is poured into a thermos and left for 6-8 hours.
- Bay leaf for diathesis in children can be used with rose hips . Amount of water – 1 liter, laurel – 10 pieces, rose hips – 2 teaspoons. The plant is poured with boiling water and put on fire for 5 minutes. Then remove, add berries and keep with the lid closed for several hours.
- The recipe with honey is similar in preparation to the first two. It is necessary to boil 10 bay leaves in 0.5 liters of water for 5 minutes. Next, cool the liquid, add 1 large spoon of honey and half a teaspoon of soda. The liquid is consumed in 1 or half a large spoon during coughing attacks.
Infusion for skin against dryness and itching
Infusions for dryness soften crusts during diathesis and soothe itching, as a result of which the child scratches the rashes less and allows them to heal faster. For the medicine, prepare 6 laurel leaves, which are poured with 250 ml of hot water.
After 5 hours, add 2 large spoons of glycerin. The resulting medicine is treated with the skin and allowed to be absorbed.
Ointment recipe
Ointment will help your baby combat dry skin. It is made from laurel and butter in a 2:1 ratio. The leaves are crushed, the components are combined and placed in a water bath for half an hour. Apply the cooled mixture to the skin and store it in the refrigerator.
Using pharmaceutical oil
It is recommended to buy bay oil for allergies in pharmacies, where it must have a quality certificate. If the product is purchased elsewhere, do not hesitate to ask to see the document.
Pharmaceutical oils are usually highly concentrated, so they must be diluted to avoid causing burns.
Bay leaf for allergies in children
For children, decoctions are mainly used. It is necessary to observe the dosage and, in case of any negative reaction, stop treatment immediately.
Carefully observe the reaction of the child's body.
It is advisable to give laurel decoction orally to children under 12 years of age only after consultation with a pediatrician.
For newborns
For children, it is enough to prepare a decoction of a couple of leaves.
For children under 3 months of age, bay leaves can only be used externally for allergies. In this case, the decoction should be quite weak:
- 2-3 laurel leaves;
- 500 ml (2 tbsp.) water.
Soak a cotton swab in this decoction and wipe the affected areas of the skin.
Be sure to monitor for any allergic reaction. If the child’s condition does not improve or, on the contrary, becomes worse, stop treatment immediately.
By the way, especially worried parents should read Dr. Komarovsky’s opinion on bathing children with the addition of various products.
After 3 months
For diathesis and other manifestations of allergies, with the permission of a pediatrician, children over 3-4 months old can be given a decoction of laurel.
A decoction for oral administration is prepared according to the above recipe, but it should be infused in a thermos for no more than an hour to obtain a solution with a low concentration.
It is also recommended to moisten spots and crusts on the cheeks with a decoction of laurel.
Dosage compliance is important
- In newborns, the daily norm is no more than 2 drops 3-4 times a day.
- For children from six months of age, the daily dose is up to 8 drops in two approaches.
- From three years or more, you can give a tablespoon 3 times a day.
- For the older generation, 15 drops are suitable.
Advice
If a small child categorically refuses to drink bay leaf infusion for allergies, add the required amount to tea or water.
For swimming
Bathing with a decoction of bay leaves will help against skin allergies in infants.
Bathing a child in a bath with a solution of bay leaves will help in the fight against external manifestations of allergies.
For bathing small children under 1 year of age, it is advisable to prepare a weakly concentrated solution. The recipe for a bath decoction was given above; for children, the amount of ingredients is reduced by 2-3 times:
- 30-50 grams of bay leaf;
- 0.5 liters of hot water.
Leave for thirty minutes and pour into the prepared bath. The procedure is carried out daily until the characteristic symptoms disappear.
Alternatively, you can put a few bay leaves in a rag bag or gauze and put them in the bath.
Infusion for skin against dryness and itching
The following recipe, according to reviews from mothers, is good for reducing itching and flaking of the skin:
- 6 laurel leaves;
- 250 ml water;
- glycerol.
Place large leaves in a container and pour boiling water over them. Wrap in a towel and let sit for 4-5 hours.
Then mix 2 tbsp. l. infusion and 2 tbsp. l. glycerin, mix well.
Apply the mixture to the affected areas of the skin with a cotton swab and let it absorb.
Store this product in the refrigerator for no more than 3 days.
Use for newborn children
At what age bay leaves can be given to children should be decided by an allergist, who must be visited before starting therapy. It is usually not given orally to infants under 3 months. Baths and rubdowns can be done before this age.
Externally
For external treatment of children's skin, lotions and rubdowns are made. To do this, brew 3 leaves with 200 ml of hot water and boil until it boils by half. Then pour in boiled water to the original volume.
Inflamed areas of the skin are wiped no more than 5 times a day, the lotions are kept for 20-30 minutes.
Children over 3 months old with allergic rhinitis can put the oil in the nose, 2-3 drops, treat dry areas of the skin and add it when bathing. It is better for kids to make the oil themselves, it is less concentrated, and parents will be confident in the completely natural composition.
Inside
Children often refuse to take a bay leaf decoction and spit it out; in such cases, it is diluted with tea, water, juice or vegetable purees. Take the medicine according to the nature of the allergic reaction, age and dosage.
You need to start with microdoses to assess the reaction, then use the recommended amount.
To relieve allergy symptoms in a child and reduce the risk of a negative reaction to bay leaves, the decoction for infants is made weak. Instead of 10 sheets, take 2-3 pieces per 500 ml of water. The prepared liquid is used to treat the skin of children externally or ingest it internally.
Preparation of bay oil
A bath with added oil effectively eliminates allergy symptoms. If an allergic rhinitis occurs, it is recommended to inject 1 drop of oil into each nasal opening. The child must be over 3 months of age.
You will need:
- 30 gr. chopped laurel,
- 1 tbsp. linseed oil.
Cooking method:
- place the ingredients in a dark glass container;
- leave in a dark and dry place for 7 days.
The oil can be purchased at a pharmacy or specialty store without a doctor's prescription. A pharmaceutical product is an undiluted essential oil with a high concentration, which is contraindicated for use on a child’s skin in its pure form.
Traditional medicine is an effective and safe method in the fight against allergies in a child when the use of medications is impossible. Products based on bay leaves contain active ingredients that eliminate unpleasant allergy symptoms.
Efficiency of the method
The benefits of laurel leaves for allergies have been tested and confirmed by traditional healers for a long time. Even doctors do not doubt the therapeutic effect and often recommend this plant to parents as a preventive measure, additional therapy, or for the treatment of very young children.
After such therapy, itching, peeling and weeping spots disappear.
However, in no case should you use this method of treatment without first consulting a doctor; it is unknown how your baby’s body may react to such an irritant.
Contraindications
The use of laurel for allergies is not suitable for everyone; it is dangerous for pregnant women, as it causes contractions of the uterus, which can provoke a miscarriage.
Also contraindications are:
- stomach and duodenal ulcers;
- renal pathologies;
- extensive liver lesions;
- predisposition to bleeding;
- insulin-dependent type of diabetes;
- individual intolerance;
- systematic constipation.
The plant will not be beneficial if taken orally and may even be dangerous to a newborn baby.
The danger of self-appointment
Laurel leaves can be not only beneficial, but also dangerous. It is not recommended to choose them for treatment on your own or to exceed the prescribed dosage; they can cause poisoning, itching, indigestion, and internal bleeding.
Is it possible for a newborn to have an allergic reaction to laurel?
When using bay leaves, you need to be careful; a child’s body may react poorly to the plant itself. Such reactions are rare, but still they cannot be completely excluded, so before using laurel-based products you need to make sure that there is no allergy.
To do this, they are tested behind the ear, on the bend of the elbow or under the knee. Reactions may occur if a nursing mother eats soups with bay leaves.
Medicinal properties of bay leaf
Bay leaf is known to everyone due to its taste. Many people add it to their dishes as a spice, but few people know that it contains in large quantities: the most important elements for humans (selenium, manganese, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, copper, zinc, calcium, potassium) and a whole range of vitamins ( B1, B2, B6, B9, C, A, RR).
Useful properties of bay leaf:
- Bay oil treats rashes and diathesis, relieves pain, swelling, heals sprains, bruises and contusions.
- Its decoction helps very well with any dermatological problems and reduces the manifestation of allergic symptoms. Thanks to its antibacterial and wound-healing properties, it even copes with abscesses, diaper rash and bedsores.
- Taking bay leaf infusion helps cope with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, cholecystitis, and stimulates appetite.
- For patients diagnosed with diabetes, the tincture will help normalize carbohydrate metabolism, remove germs and bacteria from the body, and strengthen the immune system.
- Inhalations with laurel oil help patients cope with the symptoms of acute respiratory viral infections and influenza; in addition, they are an excellent preventative measure that protects against viruses and bacteria.
- For adults, bay leaf will help get rid of depression, nervous exhaustion, and emotional overload. It can give children a restful sleep.
- Women very successfully use essential oil against any skin imperfections: wrinkles, inflammation, pimples, inflammation and chapping.
Additional tips and tricks
Scientific studies claim that during treatment it is recommended to avoid contact with allergens and adhere to a special diet. In this case, the effect of treatment will occur several times faster.
More detailed information about the occurrence of allergies in children can be obtained from Dr. Komarovsky.
Dosage compliance is important
It is not advisable to exceed the recommended daily dose of the decoction:
- For infants under 3 months, up to 2 drops of decoction 3-4 times a day in the form of lotions, compresses or added to the bath.
- For babies from six months old, you can double the number of drops and divide them into the same number of doses.
- From 3 years of age it is permissible to take 1 large spoon three times a day.
Heat rash in newborns: how to treat infants and how to avoid heat rash?
Miliaria often appears on the delicate skin of newborns. Together with the pediatrician, we figure out how to recognize heat rash, what means to treat it and how to avoid it in the future.
Vera Tarasova
What does heat rash look like in infants?
Types of heat rash in newborns
Causes of prickly heat
Miliaria is a skin disease common in infants. This disease also occurs at older ages. The skin irritation characteristic of prickly heat can be severe. But, unlike other expressions of the rash, getting rid of it is quite simple. If heat rash is not detected in a child in time, then ordinary skin irritation can lead to more serious consequences: a bacterial infection or pyoderma - a pustular lesion - may develop.
What does heat rash look like in infants?
As a rule, prickly heat is characterized by damage to the child’s skin and the appearance of rashes. This happens due to increased sweating and also due to improper skin care. Miliaria in children manifests itself as a pinpoint rash in the form of blisters or nodules, areas of weeping, burning and itching of the skin. All this causes anxiety in the child.
Types of heat rash in newborns
The following types of prickly heat occur in children:
Crystalline prickly heat manifests itself as follows: tiny white blisters up to two millimeters in size appear on the skin. Sometimes such a rash can acquire a pearlescent tint. Sometimes the rashes are so strong that the blisters can merge. These large formations can be damaged by a diaper or clothing. Over time, the rash dries out and the skin becomes flaky. Most often, this type of rash appears on the neck, scalp, scalp, back, buttocks, and skin folds. Therefore, prickly heat often occurs in obese children.
With prickly heat, small nodules appear on the child's skin. The skin around everyone turns red. Unlike the rash of miliaria crystalline, the nodules do not develop into large lesions. Miliaria rubra is characterized by itching, which can lead to severe anxiety in the child and loss of appetite.
Most often, this type of rash appears on areas of the skin that are constantly exposed to friction. This further increases the itching and pain of the child. Typically, prickly heat is found on the following areas of the body:
- intergluteal folds;
- armpits;
- back;
- neck;
- buttocks.
Miliaria rubra disappears after an average of two weeks.
White and yellow miliaria in children indicate that the child has a secondary infection - most often staphylococcal. Miliaria alba is also called vesiculopustulosis. In the rash with these forms of the disease, milky white or yellow pus is concentrated.
Depending on the extent of skin lesions in children, there may be:
localized
concentrated in one place
generalized
spreads throughout the body
Causes of prickly heat
The causes of prickly heat are divided into two types:
- endogenous (internal)
- exogenous (external)
Among the internal reasons are the physiological characteristics of the structure and functioning of children's skin..
A child's skin is much thinner and more delicate than that of adults, has a rich blood supply, and a diffuse location of sweat glands over the entire surface of the body. In addition, the pH is close to neutral (6.7). The skin of infants does not effectively neutralize bacteria that enter the skin surface.
The function of thermoregulation in children is immature and imperfect, which is why children are not able to adequately respond to changes in environmental temperature by dilation or spasm of blood vessels. Therefore, if not properly cared for, children can easily overheat and become hypothermic.
Endogenous factors are closely related to external causes .
Among the latter, the main role is played by errors in child care: irregular bathing and bathing, tight swaddling and excessive wrapping, the use of clothing made of synthetic fabrics, the use of excessively greasy creams that are not absorbed into the skin, disrupting skin respiration and heat transfer.
Miliaria in children can occur during an infectious disease (ARVI, chicken pox, measles, tonsillitis, pneumonia). This is due to the fact that a sick child may have a fever, and his sweating will increase. Miliaria most often occurs in premature infants, as well as in children with obesity, diabetes mellitus and endocrine disorders. The main symptoms of prickly heat are rash, redness and inflammation of the skin. They can appear in only one area of the body (this could be the armpits or groin), or they can spread more widely. If the child is still very young, the symptoms of heat rash can irritate him, cause anxiety, and interfere with sleep and appetite. How can you tell if your child has heat rash? First of all, you need to remember whether you have violated the hygiene rules for caring for your baby’s skin over the past few hours:
- if you have poor skin hygiene, prickly heat in newborns appears in the neck area;
- if the child overheats and has been wearing clothes made of synthetic fabrics for some time, prickly heat will appear on the back;
- if you often apply a rich cream in the groin area and rarely remove your baby’s diaper, prickly heat will develop in the groin area and buttocks;
- if the rash on the neck is not treated in time, it can spread to the face;
- If the baby is constantly wearing a hat, even at home and on hot days, a rash may appear on the head.
By the way: chickenpox, measles and allergies begin with symptoms similar to prickly heat. Therefore, it is better to show the baby to a pediatrician.
How to distinguish heat rash from allergies
Miliaria is usually located only in areas where sweating is difficult - in the folds, under the diaper, in places where diapers rub.
An allergic rash can be located anywhere, even on exposed skin. Rashes on the face are often allergic in nature.
If you treat the baby’s delicate skin in a timely manner and follow the rules of care, the prickly heat will go away quite quickly. But a rash due to infection or an allergic reaction, on the contrary, will spread more and more.
It is important to distinguish heat rash from allergies. With prickly heat, when the skin is stretched, the elements disappear; severe peeling of the skin is not typical ; when the skin dries, the phenomena quickly disappear.
To diagnose heat rash, you need to conduct a visual examination of your child's skin. Newborn heat rash may appear in one area (neck, face, behind the ears, groin, back or chest), but can spread over the entire body. The rash may also be accompanied by restlessness and itching. The child begins to be capricious.
If any rash appears on a child’s skin, it is necessary to contact a pediatrician or pediatric dermatologist to carry out a differential diagnosis and exclude other diseases that occur with a skin rash: scarlet fever, chicken pox, measles, sudden exanthema, atopic dermatitis, urticaria, herpes zoster. Usually, an experienced pediatric specialist can easily distinguish heat rash in children from other skin diseases based on visual examination.
To identify the causative agent of a secondary infection, it may be necessary to scrape the smooth skin for pathogenic fungi and culture the bacteria separated for microflora.
Air temperature around +20 °C
To regulate the heating in an apartment building, you can purchase special regulators for the heating system. They allow you to reduce the air temperature in the room to the desired values.
Relative humidity 50-70%
You can measure air humidity using a hygrometer, and a special device - an air humidifier - will help create the desired climate. You can also use wet towels hung on the radiator or an aquarium that can be installed in the children's room.
Clothing made from natural fabrics
You need to dress your child according to the weather, without wrapping him up or overheating. Clothes should be made only from natural fabrics; synthetics and semi-synthetics should be avoided. Be sure to give him water baths every time before changing the child’s clothes and before changing the diaper - this is both hardening and a way to treat prickly heat.
Bathing
The child should be bathed daily, but without using soap. It is also better to avoid using a solution of potassium permanganate. For bathing, you can use decoctions of medicinal plants - sage, chamomile, string, and for older children - a decoction of celandine. Fit baths should not be long.
It is best to limit the time of bathing in water with decoctions of medicinal herbs to 5-10 minutes. Therefore, you should alternate baths - one day a regular bath in plain water, the next evening - a bath with a decoction.
You should not use medicinal plants without a doctor’s permission if your child has a tendency to have an allergic reaction.
Drug therapies
The main requirement for products to treat a problem such as prickly heat is a mild drying property. You should only use drugs that dry the skin and create a protective layer. For example:
Bepanten - the product should be applied only after water procedures or air baths on dry skin. There are no restrictions on the number of uses per day.
Zinc ointment – apply to the child’s skin 1-2 times a day in a very thin layer.
Sudocrem is zinc oxide and has a water-repellent effect. Allowed for children of any age.
Drapomene - benzaconil chloride. Has an anti-inflammatory effect. The protective layer lasts for several hours.
Dexianthen is a gel, cream and solution for external use, which has a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect.
When a pustular rash appears in the diaper rash area, ointments with antibiotics are recommended - Levomik , Erythromycylic ointment, Baneocin powder and ointments.
Anise dyes are effective against the most common bacteria - brilliant green and Fukortsin . But it should be remembered that they cannot be applied to the mucous membrane or genitals .
If signs of an additional infection appear, consultation with a doctor is required. Only he will be able to determine which microbe caused the inflammation and recommend a specific drug.
To prevent the occurrence of prickly heat, you must follow the following rules:
- do not dress your child too warmly;
- clothing should not consist of synthetics and be tight;
- take air baths regularly;
- purchase diapers only from trusted companies made from breathable materials;
- in the room in which the baby is located there must be a certain temperature regime - 23-24 degrees;
- ventilate the room more often, especially 15 minutes before bedtime;
- bathe your baby daily
- dry thoroughly after swimming;
- do not smear the baby’s delicate skin with “heavy” lotions, creams, oils, etc.;
- Make sure your child does not scratch the rash.
The disease is a fairly common problem. You shouldn't be afraid of him. The main thing is not to forget about prevention and consult a doctor on time.
Unfortunately, medical advice from the Internet is not always agreed upon with a specialist. Therefore, no one canceled the doctor’s consultation. Why you shouldn’t always trust medical forums and how to get health information from a specialist without queuing in online clinics, read our material.
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Source: https://atvmedia.ru/materials/potnica-u-novorozhdennyh
Preventive procedures for prickly heat
The appearance of prickly heat in a baby is an unpleasant situation for the baby and parents. Treating rashes is not very difficult, however, it is better to avoid this.
For prevention purposes it is necessary:
- wear underwear made from natural fabrics;
- ensure that the room temperature does not rise above 22 degrees;
- Do not bundle up your baby for a walk.
You can also bathe your child once a week or wipe the skin with bay infusion or decoction.
Bay leaf baths for children and adults
Another way to treat allergies is bay leaf baths; Despite the lack of oral administration, it is important to follow the basic rules and instructions so as not to harm the body.
The preparation of the concentrated product and the specifics of the procedure are described below:
- in dried form to it
- Bring the water to a boil and continue the cooking process for 10 minutes;
- After the specified period has expired, remove the container from the stove , close the lid tightly and let stand for 30 minutes;
- The broth is filtered to get rid of the grounds;
- Concentrated liquid is added to the bath , the volume of water in it should be from 15 to 20 liters;
- Staying in a bath with a decoction is allowed for no longer than 15 minutes.;
- After completing the procedure , carefully pat dry the areas of the body where there are signs of allergy with a cotton towel;
- After such a bath, it is recommended to wear underwear and clothes made from natural materials so as not to provoke the appearance of new irritations;
- The duration of treatment is unlimited , but the procedure should be repeated no more than 2 times a week.
The temperature of therapeutic baths for adults and children over three years of age should not exceed 38 degrees.
Baths for the treatment of allergies in infancy are prepared according to different rules, detailed instructions are given below:
- Pour a liter of water into the pan and add 1 bay leaf.
- The pan is placed on the fire , the water is brought to a boil;
- Continue cooking until the volume of water is reduced by half;
- The broth is added to the bath while bathing the baby , and the water temperature should not exceed 37 degrees.
Taking baths with the addition of a decoction allows you to get rid of itching and burning, which is especially important in childhood, since the risk of scratching and secondary infections is reduced.
The procedure additionally has a general calming effect and helps strengthen the immune system.
