Until what age should a baby be fed breast milk?

Many mothers, having fed their baby up to a year, have a question: “Should I stop breastfeeding or not?” Such feeding for more than a year is called “long-term feeding.” As statistics show, especially young mothers stop breastfeeding their baby at one year old. Allegedly, after a year there are no useful substances in milk, breastfeeding inhibits the development of the child and harms the health of the mother, because she gives part of her immunity to milk. Is it so? Let's find out in this article...

Breastfeeding is a large and close relationship between the child and the mother. Usually, the duration of breastfeeding a baby depends on how much the baby needs it.
That is why those who say feeding for 2 or 3 years is not normal, they are wrong. Breastfeeding can be thought of as pregnancy. No one is going to give birth prematurely, so you just need to wait for the natural end. The same thing happens with lactation itself. There is a beginning and an end, which is laid by nature. Therefore, there is no need to use any means to wean your baby off the breast. The World Health Organization recommends feeding a child until 2 years of age and older. How long to feed a baby is individual for each person. Typically, breastfeeding ends on its own when the baby suckles less and less often; this happens after about 2 years, when the child’s nervous and digestive system matures.

Until what age should you breastfeed?

Experts have different opinions on this matter. Some of them believe that feeding is a private matter for each woman and her child. The mother herself decides when to stop feeding, focusing on the baby’s behavior. Others suggest that feeding after a year is not advisable, since the milk loses its nutrients. Still others indicate the optimal age - a year, one and a half. So which one should a young mother listen to? How long should you breastfeed your baby? Not an easy question.

Baby's first feeding

After the baby reaches the age of six months (in different cases this can happen a month earlier or later), the mother begins to introduce other foods into his diet, continuing active breastfeeding. Gradually, the baby begins to drink special baby formulas (up to 8 months), then try various purees and porridges. Very soon the child’s menu will expand significantly. During this period, a natural question arises for the mother: how many months do they feed breast milk? Maybe I should start weaning my baby off the breast?

Psychological basis

An important factor in feeding is the relationship between the child and his mother. The process of unity between mother and child is priceless. It is the psychological foundation for their future relationship. Due to the modern rhythm of life, even a non-working mother, a child may experience a lack of maternal warmth. Don't forget that mother's milk, sincere care and love are vital for your baby. Your presence is important for the baby, no matter how often you breastfeed and up to what age. Feeding your newborn baby with breast milk is a wonderful process that unites the souls of mother and child.

The benefits of long-term breastfeeding

For a child

1. After two years, milk still contains proteins, fats, calcium and vitamins.
2. It has been proven that the concentration of immunoglobulins in milk increases with the age of the child. Older children get stronger immunity.
3. Dr. Palmer's research suggests that breastfeeding helps a child develop the correct shape of the jaw and facial skeleton. Some components found in breast milk help protect your baby's teeth from tooth decay.
4. Long-term feeding helps the baby develop better cognitive abilities.
5. When a child receives breast milk for a long time, this allows him to develop correctly physically. In a child's body, fat and muscle tissue are correctly located, and the correct body length and weight are also formed.

For Mom

1. By breastfeeding, the risk of developing breast cancer is reduced.
2. During lactation, metabolism may change and, accordingly, many substances are absorbed better.
3. Breastfeeding maintains mommy's figure.
4. Prolonged lactation reduces the risk of osteoporosis.
5. Long-term breastfeeding reduces the risk of diabetes.

Let's look at the stages of weaning

Weaning from mother's milk in children older than ten months is quite easy, provided that complementary foods are introduced in a timely manner.

Usually at this age the child is put to the breast twice a day - in the morning and in the evening, before bedtime. Sometimes the baby asks for the breast during the day, but more for his own comfort than because of hunger, because a ten-month-old child receives complementary foods approximately 3 times a day. This feeding regimen can last up to a year, in some cases longer. Try not to disrupt the basic routine, no matter how the baby eats and how much. It is necessary to feed the baby with breast milk according to his desire, but the time of complementary feeding and sleep is according to the schedule.

First - where to start?

First, you need to specifically decide on your desire - do you want to wean your baby off the breast completely or reduce feeding as much as possible? Of course, twice a day is not so much, especially after six months of putting the baby to the breast 8-10 times a day, but these last two times are the most difficult.

And yet, how much to feed a newborn with breast milk? If you are going to go to work, then it is advisable to wean your baby off morning feeding. You may not be going to work, but for some reason you have more free time in the morning to spend some time alone with your baby. Then skip the evening feeding. If there is no difference, it is preferable to leave it in the evening, since closer to night nothing will prevent you from putting your baby to your breast and slowly enjoying the togetherness. Dinner with mother's milk will provide the baby with a good, sound sleep, and will make it easier for the mother to “put” the tomboy into the cradle.

Basic rules of breastfeeding

Every young mother should know the basic rules of breastfeeding newborns. After all, mother’s milk is a cure for many diseases. It helps to establish an invisible connection between the baby and mother and build the baby's immunity.

Attaching to the breast

As soon as the baby is born, doctors in the delivery room place it on the mother’s chest, establishing contact.

The baby, feeling the mother's breathing and heartbeat, calms down after the difficult journey of birth.

The first five days after birth, mother and child spend in the hospital.

She is taught to feed the baby, massage the mammary glands, pump, properly care for the baby, swaddle, and treat an unhealed umbilical wound.

How to pump your breasts

Before the baby begins to actively suckle at the breast, some mothers will have to express excess milk themselves to avoid problems of stagnation and mastitis.

Doctors adhere to the old ancestral method - it is better to express excess milk with your hands:

• use the fingers of one hand to press on the expressed share;

• with the thumb and forefinger of the other hand, placed on opposite sides of the nipple, express milk in this lobe with sharp pressure;

• as soon as the side becomes soft, move the fingers to the other - hardened gland and continue to express.

The procedure is often painful, but necessary for the health of the mother.

In the future, the baby will begin to suck more actively.

“Feeding on demand” is included in the basic rules for breastfeeding newborns

In modern schools, mothers are recommended to feed their newborns with breast milk on demand.

When the baby starts crying and starts sucking his thumb, you need to feed him.

Babies ask to eat 8-10 times a day; night feeding is just as important as daytime feeding.

At this time, there is a rush of milk in the glands, the baby eats enough.

Useful tips for mothers: BASIC FEEDING RULES

Overeating is excluded, the child eats as much as the body requires to be full.

Constant application stimulates the flow of milk into the mammary glands, increasing volume.

Parents should be vigilant during night feedings.

During feeding, the mother produces oxytocin - the hormone of happiness and relaxation. Thanks to it, the nurse often falls asleep when applied at night.

An incorrect position in a dream sometimes becomes the culprit in the sudden death of a baby. Better not sleep!

Feeding the baby on demand promotes a calm state of the baby. He feels that he will be fed and stops being nervous.

Such children develop a calm character, they are self-confident and balanced.

How long does one feeding last?

Children eat differently, one sucks actively and strongly, the other weakly. It is difficult to say exactly how much time passes before saturation.

Doctors are inclined to figure 20 minutes. At the same time, the baby does not sleep and eats.

You cannot limit the child; he will release the nipple on his own when he is satisfied.

Correct application

Correct attachment is the key to the health of the nurse and the satiety of the baby.

When the baby does not hold the nipple correctly, milk from the glands enters the mouth in small quantities, and the mother develops cracks on her breasts and mastitis.

If feeding hurts, then the process is going wrong.

Correct attachment is when the baby takes the nipple and areola entirely, with his lower lip protruding outward.

The mouth is completely open. The side of the tongue is visible between the lips.

It is considered incorrect when the baby’s mouth is only slightly open, the nipple is captured by the lips, and the areola is free.

Feeding causes pain to the mother and makes it difficult for the baby to suck. Milk does not flow or is released in minimal quantities.

The kid is angry. Left hungry, he refuses to breastfeed.

Baby's position during feeding

So that the baby does not get nervous when he eats, he is placed comfortably. Most often fed:

• In a sitting position: the baby's head lies on the forearm, the butt is on the knees or hand, the face and body are turned towards the chest.

One hand below, the other in front of the stomach. It is important not to press your face to your chest so that your baby cannot breathe through his nose.

• In the supine position: mother opposite the baby on her side, baby's head against the chest, lower arm in front of the stomach.

If it is uncomfortable, you can use a pillow. When changing breasts, the mother lies on the other side and turns the baby.

Whatever position the child is in, after eating you need to hold him in a “column” for 5-10 minutes.

The air swallowed during sucking will come out with a belch and the baby will not suffer from colic.

Which breast to start feeding from?

A new feeding begins with a gland that the baby has not completely emptied.

To do this, you need to remember which side he lay on last time and whether he finished the milk to the end.

Some parents keep a food diary, noting:

• when I ate;
• duration of feeding;
• which breast did he suck;
• did you start a new one?

The diary will always tell you which gland to start feeding from.

This is the main condition for proper feeding - if the child eats erratically, the milk in the glands will begin to stagnate, turn sour, and then disappear. Mom will develop mastitis.

When a child begins to eat, liquid milk comes first: the body is saturated with water; The last, distant milk contains fats and proteins necessary for the body to grow.

Therefore, it is important to let the baby finish eating. If one breast is not enough, give the second.

The next feeding begins with the unfinished breast.

Supplementary feeding of the baby

If breastfeeding is sufficient, bottle feeding should not be supplemented with formula or other liquids except in hot weather.

On such days, the baby is given boiled water with a spoon or pipette.

When supplemented with formula feeding, the baby sucks breast milk less actively, its flow decreases, and lactation stops.

Doctors do not recommend using pacifiers. When sucking, the child forgets to ask for food, and there are long breaks in feeding.

If mother and baby are separated

If feeding is impossible (mother at home, baby in hospital), milk is expressed into a bottle and the baby is fed from it.

You can use a breast pump to express. It is convenient to use and does not require much time to express. And most importantly, lactation continues.

Upon returning home, feeding is resumed as before.

• about the author
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Tatiana Vasilyeva

author of the publication (site editor)

NURSE Mother of two daughters and grandmother of wonderful grandchildren.

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The second stage - supplementary feeding

To make it easier and more invisible for your baby to adapt to changes in diet, you need to start supplementary feeding. If you decide to leave the evening for breastfeeding, then in the morning, before giving your baby the breast, feed him with infant formula (up to 8 months) or kefir (8-9 months). 50 grams will be enough. Then put the baby to the breast and feed additionally. With each subsequent day, slightly increase the portion of kefir (up to 100-150 g), as a result of which the child, unnoticed by himself, will stop sucking the breast. This way you will gradually wean your baby off morning breastfeeding. The time for “supplementary feeding” is different for each mother; it can last from several weeks to several months. By the time the child gets used to drinking mother's milk only once a day, in the evening, he will be about 1-1.5 years old. If your baby is already older, it’s okay, slowly continue the process - the result will come, no matter how often you feed him and to what age. Breastfeeding is a long process, and weaning off it gradually takes even longer.

There are also disadvantages to breastfeeding for a long time.

Lactation that ends untimely can greatly affect the mental state of both the child and the mother. In a child who has just been forced to wean from the breast, the sucking reflex has not died down, so he needs nipples or something else that will help him replace the tit. But do not let him suck your finger, as this can lead to improper bite formation.

If the child is not ready to stop breastfeeding, then he can react very sharply to everything that happens, and the psyche changes accordingly. Premature weaning can lead to the child having emotional delays and becoming even more attached to his mother.

Last step

When you realize that your baby is asking for the breast not because of the milk itself, but more for physical contact with you, it’s time to completely wean him off the breast. For the child, this process is quite stressful; he will begin to miss close contact with his mother, and may become irritable and eat poorly. To prevent this from happening, when weaning your baby from the breast, pay him more attention, hold him tightly to you, hug him, and play with him more often. It is advisable that during this period it is the mother who bathes, dresses, feeds, and also walks with the child, and not anyone else. This will help the child avoid the stress of separation from his mother, as well as its consequences. Thus, weaning will be comfortable and easy for both the baby and his mother.

Important!

It is highly not recommended to stop breastfeeding in cases where the child is sick. Especially if the baby has stomach problems, breast milk will be the best and safest medicine. There is no longer a question of what age to breastfeed, no matter how many months or years old your child is - he needs natural nutrition. During illness, the child especially urgently needs his mother, her care and participation. You should not wean your baby from breastfeeding in the summer heat, or immediately after mandatory vaccinations. At this time, the child's body is especially at risk of infection.

Due to the need for medication treatment, some mothers have to give up breastfeeding, as the treatment can harm the baby’s health. Often mothers simply play it safe. There is a fairly large selection of medications approved for use during pregnancy and lactation. In addition, according to experts, most drugs prescribed in standard dosages have virtually no effect on the child’s health, since their content in milk is negligible.

If pregnancy occurs during lactation, you can also continue to breastfeed your baby, at least in the first months.

Have you received an answer to the question “until what age should you breastfeed”? Have you found a weaning option that suits you? Was the process of weaning a child from breastfeeding at 1.5-2 years considered optimal?

Every mother believes what exactly her baby needs. What time to bathe him, when to give him the first pacifier, what and in what order will the baby do it: sleep first, and then go for a walk, or vice versa. For a small, newly born person, his mother decides everything. But at the same time, she magically feels what her baby wants. She understands his crying without words, feels exactly what hurts him or what he wants at the moment. The same goes for breastfeeding. When deciding how much breast milk to feed your newborn, trust your feelings. They won't let you down!

How long to breastfeed?

Are you just waiting for your baby to be born and want to feed him with your milk? Are you already growing up and are you doing everything possible to maintain long-term breastfeeding? Do you need reliable information about the optimal duration of breastfeeding? Despite the fact that today the benefits of mother's milk are not questioned, any Russian mother who breastfeeds her baby for up to a year can be called a heroine. And this is not an exaggeration. Today's breastfeeding woman faces a lot of misinformation about breastfeeding, negative social pressure, advertising pressure on breast milk substitutes, and many other factors that undermine her decision and desire to breastfeed. And if a mother continues to feed her baby her milk even after a year, she sometimes has to listen to all sorts of “horror stories” about the dangers of breastfeeding “big” children.

This negative attitude is a direct legacy of the 20th century. A hundred years ago, no one was surprised that children received their mother’s milk until they were 2–3 years old. Even many of our great-grandmothers remember that the process of lactation is the best contraceptive (the hormone prolactin, which is responsible for milk production, suppresses ovulation). But starting from the 30-40s of the 20th century, when the ideal woman became not a devoted wife and mother, but a shock worker on the labor front, the opportunities to feed a baby for a long time became less and less: in the middle of the last century, leave to care for a baby was 1 month... The first obvious consequence The lack of breast milk in infants has led to a deterioration in the health of the younger generation. Moreover, health is not only physical, but also mental: children who have not known their mother’s breast are much more susceptible to depression, behavioral problems during adolescence and difficulties in establishing an independent family life.

That is why, at the end of the millennium, the World Health Organization began to pay close attention to breastfeeding issues. Numerous studies have been conducted on the composition of human milk, and materials have been collected on the effect of breastfeeding on the comprehensive development of the child. Manuals for medical workers and brochures for mothers were written, together with UNICEF (UN Children's Fund) “10 steps for successful breastfeeding” were developed and launched, an initiative was born to create favorable conditions in maternity hospitals for establishing the lactation process (“Hospital, Friendly to the child"). Many false theories regarding breastfeeding were refuted, and the minimum duration of the “breastfeeding” period in a baby’s life was announced: 2 years... Separately, I would like to note the presence of significant evidence about the benefits of long-term breastfeeding for mother and baby, and the complete absence of scientific evidence about the dangers of prolonged breastfeeding. If some experts claim that it is harmful, ask for links to scientific studies, and be sure: no one will provide them to you; medically confirmed data on the negative effects of feeding after a year does not exist in nature!

But what really?

The words that after a year there is nothing useful in human milk are nothing more than a myth. Results published in the scientific literature suggest otherwise. The fat content of breast milk increases 2-3 times after a year of breastfeeding. The number of antibodies constantly increases with the child's age. The content of immunoglobulin A increases. The level of substances responsible for the maturation of the child’s gastrointestinal tract increases. Throughout the second year of life, 448 ml of breast milk provides 29% of energy needs, 43% of protein needs, 36% of calcium needs, 75% of vitamin A needs, 76% of folate needs (folic acid derivatives), 94% of needs in vitamin B12, 60% of the needs for vitamin C. And this is only the very beginning of research on the composition of mother's milk after a year!

Other data suggests the impact of long-term feeding on intelligence: the greatest achievements were in children who were fed the longest. The connection between the duration of feeding and subsequent successful social adaptation at 6-8 years of age was identified as a result of another study. Infants older than one year are less likely to suffer from allergies. Their immunity is more stable, and in case of illness, the recovery period is much shorter than that of peers who do not receive mother's milk.

Separately, I would like to list medically proven facts about the benefits of long-term feeding for the mother:

– “Rest” for the reproductive system. A third of women do not resume ovulation during the entire period of breastfeeding. Nighttime sucking has a particularly effective contraceptive effect.

– Mothers who breastfed for more than two years had a 54% reduction in the incidence of breast cancer compared to women who breastfed for no more than 6 months.

– A similar picture exists with ovarian cancer. A mother who breastfeeds for a long time is less at risk of developing cancer.

– Long-term feeding promotes weight loss. On average, 400-600 extra calories are consumed daily to produce milk!

– Completion of breastfeeding occurs against the background of involution of lactation. In short: involution is the final stage in the reproductive chain “conception-pregnancy-childbirth-production of transitional milk-mature lactation.” The last change in the composition of milk occurs, the task of which is to prepare the breasts for the cessation of feeding (protect against infections, restore the pre-pregnancy form) and prepare the functional systems of the child’s body (endocrine, immune, nervous, etc.) for parting with mother’s milk.

What does natural feeding look like after one year?

People who have never fed a child, or who have not fed for very long, usually imagine the following picture when they hear the words “breastfeeding.” Mom looks at the clock and realizes that “it’s time.” He approaches the child, takes him in his arms, settles down with him in a secluded place and gives the breast. After some time, the breast is withdrawn, and the mother goes to express the remaining milk into the sink. In their imagination there appears a baby, the size of a newborn. And certainly not a 2-3 year old runner who can speak and eat food from the common table on his own with a spoon and fork! And the feeding process itself is presented solely as an initiative of the mother in relation to the child (the time has come - the breast is offered).

In reality, the opposite is true. The initiative - the request for sucking - usually belongs to the baby. The child’s requirement is the basic principle of natural feeding. This rule has another name: baby-centered feeding. The needs that a baby satisfies when breastfeeding are incredibly diverse! Breast milk is not only a means to satisfy hunger. Milk contains substances that help all functional systems of the body mature (for example, substances for the development of the nervous system and brain), anti-stress and pain-relieving hormones, antibodies that protect against disease, substances that have a morphine-like structure and help the baby fall asleep, unique polyunsaturated fatty acids that regulate the processes of excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system. And many, many other irreplaceable components Breast milk is a miracle of nature, designed to satisfy all the needs of the growing body. That is why it is so important to give the baby the breast when asked to suck, and not to “deceive” him with a pacifier, as if there is some abstract, “sucking reflex” that does not have a specific application to a specific object intended by nature for sucking, and which can be satisfied by sucking on something whatever... That is why it is important not to tear the baby off the breast before he lets go (except for situations where sucking causes pain in the nipples - this is the first sign of the baby’s improper attachment to the breast. In this case, the breast must be removed from the mouth and offered again, trying to ensure that the areola grip radius is at least 2-3 cm from the base of the nipple). That is why it is important to feed your baby your milk for as long as he needs it: a year, two, three...

Feeding on demand usually looks like this. There are several types of breastfeeding:

Sucking the breast when falling asleep. Especially long in the first six months after childbirth. As mentioned above, milk contains elements that help your baby fall asleep and develop a healthy sleep attitude. These are the most nutritious feedings, since hind milk, which is fattier and higher in calories, begins to enter the baby’s body 10-20 minutes after the start of sucking, and when falling asleep, the baby lets go of the breast on average after 30-40 minutes.

Night applications. Necessary for producing sufficient milk. Full stimulation of the hormone “prolactin” to produce the volume of milk the baby needs includes at least 2-3 nightly sucking.

Applications upon awakening. After sleep, the baby seems to be “born” into this world again. The unique composition of milk also helps to safely cross the border between sleep and wakefulness.

Breast sucking to eliminate discomfort (pain, fear, illness, unusual taste of “adult” food, fear of the dark, postpartum stress, stress associated with various life situations, etc.)

Sucking at the breast to compensate for the lack of physical and emotional contact with the mother (the mother rarely takes the baby in her arms, is absent from home for a long time, and devotes little time to communicating with the baby).

Depending on age, the baby expresses requests to be latched to the breast in different ways. The newborn simply turns his head and opens his mouth in search of the nipple. May express his desire through fussing and whining (not to mention crying!). The older child gives certain signals that are clear to him and his mother. Children over one year old need to be taught a “code” word (for example, “yum-yum”, “eat”), which the baby will pronounce if he needs his mother’s milk.

The feeding schedule is associated, first of all, with the baby’s sleep rhythms. The longest and most complete feedings are when falling asleep and during sleep, day and night. Newborns sleep almost around the clock, which means they will nurse almost constantly. At 6-9 months, the child has 2-3 clearly defined daytime naps. This means we breastfeed much less often! After a year, children switch to one nap during the day. If the mother is nearby, the baby goes to sleep with the breast. If the mother is not at home, the child falls asleep well with another person well known to him. The reasons for breastfeeding numbered 4 and 5 (see above) are easily regulated by the mother herself: there is no reason for discomfort - there is no request for sucking from the baby.

Usually, a child older than one year continues to have 8-12 daily attachments to the breast. While awake, the baby does not suck for long - just as much as is needed to overcome the difficulty that has arisen. This could be a few seconds or several minutes. May show a desire to “wash down” adult food. The nighttime sucking regimen remains unchanged until the very moment of weaning. Babies nurse especially readily in the morning: it is during this period that prolactin production “peaks.” To ensure that mom can get a good night's rest, it is important to learn safe lying down feeding positions from the very beginning, ones that will allow her to doze off while the baby nurses.

The toddler, who is at the weaning stage, has reduced the number of feedings to 1-3 per day. He already knows how to fall asleep without a breast. His main food is the same as his mom and dad's. To overcome various stresses, the child’s nervous and hormonal systems no longer need the “soothing” composition of mother’s milk. The brain has reached 80% of the volume of an adult. The fundamental stage in the formation of the facial-maxillary apparatus (bite, articulation, diction, external prettiness) has been completed. The gastrointestinal tract can fully function and develop further without the help of breast milk. Thanks to breastfeeding, all the baby teeth came out quite unnoticeably and painlessly. The baby speaks about himself in the first person (the pronoun “I” appears in speech) - which marks the completion of the stage of psychological separation from the mother and the emergence of a new self-awareness. Usually all this happens after the child turns two years old...

Psychologists say...

Feeding a baby after one year has an important educational moment. The close emotional connection that occurs during breastfeeding has a positive effect on establishing a trusting relationship with the mother. As a result, children grow up sensitive, attentive and obedient - and what could be more important for raising an active and inquisitive runner! Deep attachment to the mother helps the baby to internalize the mother’s view of life, which will play a positive role in adolescence. Social adaptation is much more productive than in “non-breastfed” children: a baby who has not lost contact with his mother ahead of time is more open to this world, acts more confidently in it, feeling a strong “rear” behind him. It is very convenient to travel with such a child: milk is always with you, which means food and drink are always at the child’s disposal; there is no need to create special conditions for falling asleep - just put the baby to your chest; At night, the baby sleeps in the same place as the mother, allowing you to save on the purchase of a separate children's sleeping place. If you are planning to give birth to your next child, then by breastfeeding the older one for a long time, you have a chance to insure yourself against problems of jealousy between children: the more fully you satisfy the basic needs for love and care in the first child, the less reason he has to be offended by you.

How to react to “horror stories”?

Very calm. To any critical remarks addressed to you about feeding your child, take a short pause, collect your thoughts and try to respond as kindly as possible with a phrase prepared in advance. Words like: “Thank you for your concern will sound soothing to those around you. I will think about what you said...” Or you can refer to the doctor’s recommendation: “In our situation, this is the only way out...” At the moment of an argument, most likely, it will not be possible to calmly present a scientific argument about the benefits of feeding after a year. Therefore, if possible, engage in “educational education” of others before emotional discussions of your child’s behavior arise. You may not succumb to provocations at all and not enter into discussions, ignoring issues that are unpleasant for you. If you have a well-developed sense of humor, use it to neutralize judgmental remarks: “Oh! I dream of feeding my baby all the way to the army! I have such beautiful breasts - how can he refuse them? And it happens that it is better for a nursing mother not to advertise at all that the child continues to receive her milk - many women come to exactly this decision.

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